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184 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
All of the following are cardinal signs of inflammation EXCEPT:
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cyanosis |
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Interferon is a protein produced by the body and will have the effect of: |
A) - reducing the ability of a pathogen to produce a disease in the host |
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The purpose of adding an adjuvant to a vaccine is to:
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C) to increase the immune response of the vaccine |
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The modified live viruses that are used in some vaccines are wakened by: |
D) growing the viral particles in a non-host species |
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Recombinant technology used in the production of vaccines will involve: A) the combination of several viral species |
B) splicing an antigenic gene into a non-pathogenic virus |
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TermThe use of adjuvants in vaccines have been linked to: A) suppression of the immune system |
C) tumor formation at the vaccination site |
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TermA killed bacterin would be used in the vaccine to protect against canine: |
A) Leptospirosis |
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TermLyophilization in vaccine production refers to the process of: C) combination of antigens D) freeze drying |
D) freeze drying |
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The type of immunity acquired through the administration of vaccines is most accurately called: A) natural C) Acquired D) Inherited |
C) Acquired |
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An important medication in the treatment of anaphalactic shock related to severe vaccine reactions is: B)glycopyrolate C)bupenorphine D) epinephrine |
D) epinephrine |
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The limb most often chosen for rabies vaccination is the: |
right rear |
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The most common cause of failure to produce a protective level of antibodies following vaccination is: |
presence of colostrum |
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A breed of dog that is considered high risk for Canine Parvo Virus is |
Rottweiler |
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Measles vaccine for puppies may be used to protect puppies at high risk of contracting: |
distemper |
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Bordetella bronchiseptica is an organism that is classified as a: |
bacteria |
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The many types of Leptospira organisms are called: |
serovars |
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Canine adenovirus type 2 vaccines are useful in protection against: |
hepatitis and tracheobronchitis |
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Panleukopenia or feline distemper is caused by a virus that is classified as a: |
parvovirus |
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A feline disease that is caused by a retrovirus is: |
leukemia |
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A vaccine that is considered to be part of the core vaccines for the feline is: |
feline distemper |
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The vaccine that contains a live attenuated bacteria will protect against: |
Bordetella bronchiseptica |
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Canine distemper is a disease that is best described as: |
a severe disease that is multisystemic |
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"Hard Pad Disease" is another name for canine: |
Distemper |
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An antitussive is a medication that will reduce the symptoms of: |
cough |
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A canine disease that may be detected by performing a lab test for antigen in the stool is: |
Parvo |
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The route of vaccination that is recommended for canine kennel cough vaccines is: |
intranasal |
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The Parvo virus will have a tendency to target cells in the following areas EXCEPT: |
kidney |
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The best description for the length of time that the Parvo virus will remain infectious in the environment is: |
months |
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The finding on a complete blood count that may be seen with a severe Parvo infection is: |
a marked leukopenia |
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The bacteria that is described as a spirochete is: |
Leptospira |
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The canine infectious disease that has the most chance of being directly spread to humans is: |
Leptospirosis |
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Geriatric patients acting aggressively should be evaluated for: |
chronic pain decreased hearing decreased vision **all of the above** |
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A metabolic condition of the dog that often results in a skin infection is: |
hypothyroidism |
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The type of ointment that is recommended for protecting the eye during bathing is: |
boric acid |
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The abnormal skin condition that coal tar shampoos would be recommended to treat is: |
severe seborrhea |
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The type of shampoo that is recommended for use in cases Demodectic Mange is: |
one that contains benzoyle peroxide |
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The abnormality seen on a complete blood cell count with cases of pyometra in the dog is: |
a leukocytosis with a left shift |
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A yeast organism that may cause otitis externa in the dog or cat is: |
malassezia |
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The type of bladder stone that may be dissolved through the use of dietary therapy is: |
struvite
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If the tympanic membrane cannot be visualized, clean and flush the ears only with: |
warm sterile saline
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Ear canals infected with Otodectes Cyanotis will often show signs of: |
severe inflammation associated with black exudate
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A non-productive cough relating to an increase in fluid in the lungs will usually be realted to a leaking of the: |
mitral valve
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As a medical term, ascites refers to: |
an increase of fluid in the abdominal cavity
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Hypothyroidism in the dog will very comonly produce signs related to the: |
integumentary system
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The best description for the location of the thyroid gland is the: |
ventrocervical area of the neck
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The elements of the diet that will have the most influence on urea levels in the blood stream include: |
proteins
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Azotemia is a term relating to the veterinary patient experiencing an increase in: |
urea
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Ketoacidosis is most likely to be seen in severe cases of: |
diabetes mellitus
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As a clinical term, a nadir is used to describe the: |
lowest blood glucose level detected during a blood glucose curve
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A clinical symptom of diabetes mellitus of the dog that may be noticed by the owner is a: |
rapid cataract development
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Erythropoietin is produced by the: |
kidney
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The urinalysis of a patient with renal failure will often show: |
an increase in protein and a decrease in specific gravity
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The molecule found in the blood that is used as a measurement of renal function and is produced from muscle metabolism is: |
creatinine |
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A biomarker that can be measured in the blood to indicate cases of congestive heart failure is: |
BNP - B-type natriuretic peptide
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The organism causing feline distemper is classified as a(n): |
parvo virus
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The organism causing Feline Pneumonitis is: |
Chlamydia psittici
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In the treatment of periodontal disease, a currette is used to remove calculus and dead cementum from the diseased tooth roots, using multiple overlapping strokes, until the root surface is smooth as glass. This procedure is is known as: |
root planing |
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Proper technician attire when performing a dental cleaning includes: |
mask over the nose and mouth gloves eye protection *all of the above* |
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A mechanical tooth scaler should never be used continuously on one tooth for more than: |
15 seconds |
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A beneficial result of a fluoride application following a dental scaling is: |
an antibacterial effect |
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The vibrations of the tip of an ultrasonic power scaling instrument used in cleaning teeth is measured in: |
cycles per second (cps) |
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The process of disrupting bacterial cell walls with the mist formed from the vibrating tip of the ultrasonic scaler acting on water released from the instrument is called: |
cavitation |
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When the ultrasonic scaler is used in cleaning teeth, the water coming form the tip will have the effect of: |
cooling the tooth and lavaging the area of the gum line |
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When considering a multi-rooted tooth, the term for the area where the root divides is called the: |
furcation |
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When performing ultrasonic scaling, the areas of the tip to use for the majority of scaling are the: |
back and sides |
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The minimum pressure of the water supply line to the ultrasonic dental unit is: |
25 PSI |
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Relating to Veterinary Dentistry, the modified Bass technique is a: |
method of brushing teeth that concentrates on the gingival margin |
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The inherited condition in which the maxilla is longer than the mandible is called: |
brachygnathism |
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A substance that is related to the production of dental caries is: |
organic acids |
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An infectious disease that will predispose to enamel hypoplasia is: |
Canine distemper |
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A tooth of the dog that is prone a slab type fracture from the shearing action of chewing on hard objects is the: |
4th upper premolar |
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The most common intraoral disease of small animals is: |
periodontitis |
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Periodontitis is a relatively common oral disease caused by the presence of: |
plaque |
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The ultimate result of untreated periodontal disease is: |
loose teeth that eventually fall out |
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The areas of the body that are likely to be infected relating to bacterimias caused by periodontitis include all of the following EXCEPT |
periosteum |
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As plaque on a tooth accumulates and becomes mineralized it is called: |
calculus |
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Clinical detection of the advancement of periodontal disease is best achieved through: |
measuring the depth of the periodontal pocket |
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The crown of the tooth is covered by: |
enamel |
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The typical age that all of the permanent teeth should be erupted in a puppy is: |
6 months |
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In the dog, the number of roots that the fourth upper pre-molar will have is: |
3 |
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The term that describes the tooth surface that is closest to the rostral midline of the dental arch is: |
mesial |
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In the Modified Triadan System of teeth numbering, adult teeth in the maxillary right quadrant are assigned the: |
100 series |
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The term for the normal bite of the dog is: |
scissors bite |
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The area of the tooth that will allow nerves and vessels to enter is the: |
apicl delta |
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The condition that is considered normal in the brachycephalic dog is: |
prognathism |
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The normal depth of the periodontal pocket in the cat is: |
0.5 mm |
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In the dog, the number of teeth that are present at birth is: |
0 |
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The hardest substance in the body is: |
enamel |
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The area of a multi-rooted tooth where the root divides is called the: |
furcation |
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The Triadan number for the left maxillary carnassial tooth is: |
208 |
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When taking dental radiographs, the use of the bisecting angle is critical to: |
prevent radiographic image distortion such as foreshortening |
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The number of deciduous teeth present in the normal 8 week old puppy is: |
28 |
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A cold compress would likely be indicated for what duration of injury: |
acute |
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When the treatment direction sheet states to "hot pack" an area twice daily, you would expect the length of duration of each therapy session to be: |
15 to 20 minutes |
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Message therapy techniques should generally be directed: |
the same direction of venous flow |
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A contraindication for the use of heat therapy is for muscle tissue is: |
acute inflammation |
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Prolonged and sustained contraction of muscle tissue that can be seen following disuse of the muscle is referred to as: |
contracture |
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The effects expected when introducing heat in the tissues as a physical therapy tool include all of the following EXCEPT: |
muscle contraction |
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In massage therapy for animals, a gliding stroke that follows the contour of the body is: |
effuerage |
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Cryotherapy or cold compress applications should be used on injured or post surgical tissues for: |
up to 72 hours |
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The main use for Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) as a physical therapy tool is to: |
produce strengthening of the muscle tissue |
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Low-level laser is a physical therapy that, when applies to tissues, will result in: |
dilation of vessels |
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The parameter that is the best aid in assessing the hydration status (degree of hydration or dehydration) of a patient is: |
body weight |
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The changes in the PCV (packed cell volume) that would be expected in the dehydrated patient is a/an: |
increase |
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A constituent of a therapeutic fluid that would have the effect of raising the pH of the plasma of a patient is: |
lactate |
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Signs of fluid volume over load will include all of the following EXCEPT: |
sunken eyes |
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The osmotic pressure of 50% dextrose solution related to serum is: |
hypertonic |
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An indication for the use of Hetastarch as a fluid therapy agent is: |
hypovolemic shock |
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The units of heparin that would you add to a 1 Liter bag of saline to prepare a standard solution of "heparinized saline" is: |
5000 |
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The agent that should never be given subcutaneously is: |
dextrose solutions with a concentration of greater than 2% |
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The recommended rate of fluid administration for the IV route when providing fluid therapy for maintenance in ml/lb/hr is: |
1-2 |
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The weight of fluid that 30 pound patient that is 8% dehydrated would be missing is: |
2.4 lbs |
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If 500 ml of a solution is to be infused over 6 hours, what is the correct infusion rate ( drops/min ) if the infusion set delivers 10 drops/ml? |
13.9 drops/min |
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The % of O2 in room air is: |
20% |
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The signs that may be seen in a patient that is hypoxic is/are: |
drowsiness ataxia excitability cyanosis **all are correct** |
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When delivering oxygen while using an oxygen cage, the inspired oxygen concentration should be set at: |
30% to 40% |
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The proper level of humidity that is recommended for the interior of an oxygen cage during therapy is: |
50% to 60% |
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When administering oxygen therapy with an oxygen mask, the recommended flow rate for most cases is: |
4 L/min |
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When administering oxygen therapy using a nasal catheter, a soft 5 - 8 Fr. plastic or rubber catheter is placed in the nasal cavity to level of the: |
caudal nasal pharynx |
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A technique that involves striking the animal's chest to loosen bronchial secretions and thus facilitate drainage: |
coupage |
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Whenever possible, animals with lung problems should should be maintained in: |
sternal recumbency |
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The condition that may ocur if high levels of oxygen are used for long periods of time is: |
pulmonary edema |
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The size of water droplet that must be achieved to medicate the terminal bronchi (as measured in microns) is: |
2-5 microns |
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An "H" tank of oxygen that has a capacity of 6900 Liters and is 40% full. The pressure reading for the tank is 800 PSI. You are to flow 4 Liters of oxygen per minute to a patient as part of your oxygen therapy technique. How long will your oxygen supply last? |
11/1/2 hours |
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You are to administer oxygen therapy to a patient using an E tank. The tank is half full at 1000 PSI pressure and so contains 330 liters. The flow rate you wil luse is 2 liters per minute. How long will the oxygen in the tank last at your flow rate? |
2 hrs and 45 min |
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All of the following are signs of hyperthyoidism in the cat EXCEPT: |
anorexia |
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The medical treatment for hyperthyroidism in the cat is: |
methimazole |
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The etiology of feline lower urinary tract disease is: |
unknown at this time |
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When treating feline lower urinary tract disease, urinary catheters are placed and then removed: |
in less than 24 hours |
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To aid in the prevention of feline lower urinary tract disease, diets are fed that will contain low levels of: |
magnesium |
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A urinary acidifier that may be added to the diet of a feline patient as part of a prevention program for feline lower urinary tract disease is: |
ammonium chloride |
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The definition of pollakiuria is: |
abnormally frequent passage of urine |
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Severe cases of heaptic lipidosis in the cat may result in disease conditions of the: |
central nervous system |
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Hepatic lipidosis in the cat is directly related to: |
a lack of intake of proper nutrition |
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The course of treatment for feline hepatic lipidosis is generally: |
3 to 6 weeks |
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Considering disease conditions in veterinary patients, the definition of etiology relates to: |
the actual cause of the disease |
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In the feline, transient arthritis, interdigital ulcers, and ulcers of the lip, tongue, hard palate are signs of disease associated with an infection of: |
Calici Virus |
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In the developing fetus, the part of the nervous system that is susceptible to infection by the distemper virus that will cause clinical signs is the: |
cerebellum |
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Lymphoma in the feline is a cancer condition that is ofen associated with infection by: |
feline leukemia virus |
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All of the following statements apply to the Feline Immunosupperssive Virus EXCEPT: |
has an effective vaccine |
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All of the following apply to Feline Leukemia Virus infection EXCEPT: |
the virus is hardy and requires dilute Clorox for proper disinfection |
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The two infecting agents that are associated with 80% of feline respiratory disease are: |
Calici Virus and Feline Rhinotracheitis Virus |
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The feline respiratory disease that will cause up to 30% mortality when affecting kittens is: |
Calici Virus |
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The organism that causes Feline Pneumonitis is classafied as a: |
rickettsia |
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The group of felines that would the most likely to show a false poitive test for the feline immunosuppressive virus is: |
kittens, less than 6 months of age |
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Causes of hypoxia |
1. lung diseases. 2. alveolar hypoventilation or lack of oxygen delivery to alveoli 3. pneumonia 4. metastatic tumors 5. heart disease causing pulmonary edema 6. smoke inhalation 7. Feline Asthma 8. decreased cardiac output 9. severe anemia - autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) |
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Recommended oxygen concentration is |
30 - 40% when delivered to the patient |
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Humidification is needed to |
avoid drying the respiratory passageways |
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the oxygen is mixed with ________ to reduce the concentration |
room air |
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Measure Delivery of Oxygen via O2 tube, mask or hood (E. collar) |
flow rate=4 liters per min |
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desired humidity in an oxygen cage is |
50-60% |
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recommended temperature in an oxygen cage is |
65-70 F |
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A patient maintained in the upright or sternal position |
will decrease hypostatic congestion of the down lungs |
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Soft 5 - 8 Fr. plastic or rubber catheter is placed in the nasal cavity to the caudal nasal pharynx |
Nasal catheter |
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Numbing agent used when placing a nasal catheter |
Opthaine (proparicaine HCl) |
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the recommended Oxygen flow for nasal catheter is |
5 to 100 ml/kg |
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Intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) technique |
8-15 cm H2O pressure or 6-10 breaths per minute |
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oxygen is available in various size tanks common sizes are |
E, M, G, and H |
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H tanks used in clinics with built in O2 lines |
-full at 2200 PSIc -capacity=6900 L -calculated flow rate - 4L/min = 28hr 45min (6900/4 = 1725 min = 28 hr 45 min ) |
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E tanks will fit on most anesthesia machines |
-full at 2000 PSI (pounds per square inch) -capacity=660 L1. calculated flow rate - 4 L/min = 2hr 45 min (660/4 = 165 min = 2 hr 45 min ) |
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Oxygen toxicity |
may occur when O2 above 50% is used for longer than 12 hrs. |
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Pulmonary edema |
-may occur with continuous exposure of 80-100% O2 - tissue damage from excessive free radicals -avoid concentrations above 50% |
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Nebulizer treatment |
-used when the respiratory passageways are blocked by edema fluid or exudate -create spray by forcing gas through a liquid - medication may be added to the liquid -larger water particles settle in the nose and throat and smaller particles get to the bronchi-must be 2-5 microns in diameter to reach the terminal bronchid. - recommended therapy sessions are from 15 to 30 minutes several times per day -monitor patients for any signs of discomfort |
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edema fluid in the lungs |
-nebulize alcohol - will reduce frothing by reducing the surface tension of the bubble |
|
exudates |
-use medication with detergent properties to nebulize -Mucomist (acetylcystine) |
|
Saline |
-will tend to thin secretions -thin secretions are more easily moved upward in the respiratory tract -a good fluid to nebulize for many conditions |
|
bronchodilation |
-will reduce air way resistance -albuterol is the currently recommended bronchodilator |
|
Physical therapy Traditional Methods Of Treatment |
1. superficial heat 2. superficial cold 3. massage 4. active exercise 5. assistive devices (harnesses and slings) |
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Physical therapy Alternative Methods of Treatment |
1. electrical stimulation 2. cold laser 3. therapeutic ultrasound 4. hyperbaric oxygen 5. acupuncture 6. nutraceuticals 7. herbal medicine 8. chiropractic |
|
Cold therapy |
a. decreased tissue temperature b. decreased blood flow, reduces pain and spasticity c. decreased tendency for edema d. decreased delivery of nutrients e. decreased phagocytic action |
|
cold packs |
1. apply to affected area with a folded towel 2. 15-20 min intervals, repeat several times daily |
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Heat Therapy |
a. dilation of cutaneous vessels b. increase blood flow and blood pressure c. increase metabolism d. muscle relaxation e. sedative and analgesic effect f. extendibility of connective tissue |
|
superficial heat |
apply for 15-20 minutes several times daily temperature range should be 95-105 F |
|
Deep Heat- electrical stimulation |
uses an electrical current to cause a single muscle or a group of muscles to contract |
|
Laser Therapy |
a. laser - light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation b. concept developed by Albert Einstein in 1917 |
|
wheelbarrowing |
a. used to increase or decrease pressure on the front or rear limbs b. promote limb function while sparing forces on healing joints |
|
passive exercise, Passive Range of Motion - |
PROM, (stretching with assistance) |
|
Body fluid compartments the total body water is generally estimated to be |
between 50-70% (or 60%)
|
|
Major body fluid compartments are: |
Intracellular - 30-40% Extracellular - 16-20% interstitial - 16% intravenous or plasma - 4% |
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one pound of body weight will equal _____ of fluid |
500 ml |
|
4-6-8% dehydration rule |
a. 4%-history of fluid loss, no detectable signs b. 6%-tacky skin, concentrated urine, increased PCV c. 8%-depression, loss of skin pliability d. 10-12%-shock, critical illness |
|
Daily fluid maintenance |
a. dogs1. 30 ml/lb/day in most references b. cats1. 20 ml/lb/day in most refernces |
|
crystalloid solutions contain electrolytes such as sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, etc |
lactated Ringers Normosol-R or Plasmalyte physiologic saline, 0.9% NaCl 10% Dextrose in saline 2 1/2% dextrose and lactated Ringers |
|
fluid pumps are very convenient and accurate |
1. maintenance 1 - 2 ml/lb/hr continuous drip 2. rehydrate 1 - 5 ml/lb/hr for 4 hours 3. anesthesia 10 ml/lb/hr 4. shock 30 - 40 ml/lb for 1 hour |