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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Glucose w/ complete oxidation leads to how many ATP
|
38
(glucose --> 6 CO2) |
|
Glucose --> pyruvate (aerobic) = how many ATP
|
8
|
|
How many pyruvates does 1 molecule glucose yield
|
2
|
|
FA oxidation = how many ATP
|
129
|
|
Regulatory enzyme in glycolysis which is inhibited by ATP or citrate
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PFK-1
|
|
PFK-2 is ____ when phosphorylated
|
Inhibited
|
|
Glycogenolysis is regulated by what enzyme and when phosphorylated it is ____
|
Glycogenphosphorylase
Activated |
|
In order for glycogen synthesis, ____ enzyme must be ____
|
Glycogen synthetase
Must not be phosphorylated |
|
____ enzyme important in fat metabolism. _____ when phosphorylated
|
Hormone sensitive lipase
Activated |
|
Cholesterol synthesis regulated by ____ enzyme, _____ when phosphorylated
|
HMG CoA reductase
Inhibited |
|
Ketone bodies are synthesized by ____ enzyme
|
HMG CoA synthase
|
|
Citric acid cycle is regulated by _____ enzyme, _____ when phosphorylated
|
Pyruvate DH
Inhibited |
|
Steroid hormones are all made from what
|
Cholesterol (27 C)
|
|
Mineralocorticoids are made in what adrenal zone
|
Zona glomerulosa
|
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Glucocorticoids are made in what adrenal zone
|
Zona fasciculata
|
|
Androgens are made in what adrenal zone
|
Zona reticularis
|
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Adrenal gland from exterior to interior
|
Glomerulosa --> Fasciculata --> Reticularis
|
|
What steroid H is made in Leydig cells in Testis
|
Testosterone & androstenedione
|
|
In a Male in the periphery what steroid H are made
|
Androstenedione --> estrone
Testosterone --> Estradiol & androgens Androgens --> DHT |
|
Theca cells in ovary make what steroid H
|
Testosterone
|
|
Granulosa cells in the ovary make what steroid H
|
Take Androgens and make estrogens
|
|
In F, peripheral metabolism of androgens & estrogens are made into what H
|
ESTRIOL
|
|
Corpus luteum makes what steroid H
|
Progesterone
|
|
17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency leads to a build up of what steroid H & clinical
|
Make a lot of mineralocorticoids
(No glucocorticoids, androgens, estrogens) M - ambiguous genitalia F - primary amenorrhea at puberty |
|
21 alpha hydroxylase deficiency leads to a build up of what steroid H & clinical
|
Excess progesterone, androgens, estrogens
(No mineralocorticoids or glucocorticoids) M - precocious puberty F - ambiguous genitalia **Salt wasting** |
|
11 beta hydroxylase deficiency leads to a build up of what steroid H & clinical
|
Excess 11-deoxycorticosterone (mineralocorticoid activity), 11-deoxycortisol, androgen & estrogens
(No mineralocorticoids or glucocorticoids) M - precocious puberty F - ambiguous genitalia Salt retention (HTN, hypokalemia) |
|
Insulin has the main action of ____
|
Anabolism
-fat synthesis -sugar uptake, glycolysis, glycogen synthesis -protein synthesis |
|
GH promotes
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Protein synthesis (at expensive of fat & sugar)
-fat lysis -GNG, glycogenolysis -increased uptake AA in liver for GNG |
|
Cortisol leads to ____ blood glucose & ____ glycogen
|
Increased blood glucose
Build-up glycogen stores -fat lysis & redistribution -inhibits sugar uptake -GNG, glycogen synthesis -protein degradation |
|
Purines
|
Adenine
Guanine |
|
Purines can be made de novo where and from what
|
In liver
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (--> IMP --> AMP or GMP --> ADP or GDP) |
|
Defect in HGPRT causes what
|
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Hyperuricemia & neurological signs |
|
Degradation of purines ultimately leads to what
|
Xanthine --> uric acid
|
|
Hyperuricemia causes
|
GOUT
|
|
Pyrimidines
|
Uracil
Cytosine Thymine |
|
De novo synthesis of pyrimidines occurs where and from what?
|
Liver
Glutamine (--> carbamoylphosphate --> OMP --> UMP) |
|
Degradation of pyrimidines
|
C --> beta alanine
T --> beta amino-isobutyrate (harmless and excreted in urine) |
|
Operon
|
DNA in prokaryotes
"operational unit" (promotor, operator, 1 or more structural genes) |
|
Promotor
|
DNA
-RNA Poly binds -5' end of operon |
|
Operator
|
DNA
-b/t promoter and structural gene -binding site for repressors -If repressor bound --> operon "off" |
|
Repressor
|
Protein
-regulatory -binds operator & prevents transcription |
|
Regulator gene
|
DNA
-codes for repressor |
|
lac-OPERON
|
Lactose binds to repressor prevents repressor from binding DNA
Operon freed --> "on" Polymerase - transcription (beta galactoside) |
|
Transcription factor
|
Binds TATA box (part of promotor)
Must be there for RNA Poly to recognize promotor |
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Inducer
|
binds to DNA & activates some genes and inactivates others
|
|
Enhanser
|
regulatory DNA sequence
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