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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The net movement of molecules or ions in a gas or liquid from an area of high concentration to an area where they are less concentrated.
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Diffusion
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The process in which energy is released from complex molecules, such as glucose, within cells and transferred to molecules of ATP.
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Respiration
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A measure of the ability of water molecules to move freely in solution. Decreased by the presence of solutes.
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Water potential
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Movement of substances across membranes against their concentration gradient, requiring the use of energy in the form of ATP.
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Active transport
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To make narrow. For example, in the narrowing of blood vessels.
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Constrict
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The difference in molecular concentration that allows diffusion to occur.
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Diffusion gradient
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Pressure created by a fluid pushing against the sides of a container.
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Hydrostatic pressure
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A cavity surrounded by a cell wall in cells, such as xylem vessels, which have lost their cell contents. Also used for the central cavities of blood vessels.
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Lumen
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The movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential across a partially permeable membrane.
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Osmosis
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Process by which plants, some bacteria and some protoctists make food using carbon dioxide, water and sunlight energy.
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Photosynthesis
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Small air sacs in the lungs.
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Alveoli
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A molecule used to store energy temporarily in organisms. The molecule is broken down to adenosine diphosphate + phosphate to release energy to drive metabolic processes.
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ATP
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A cell in the phloem involved in actively loading sucrose into the sieve tube elements, to which it is linked by many plasmodesmata.
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Companion cell
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Tissue in plant roots and stems between epidermis and vascular tissue.
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Cortex
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A tissue that lines the inside of a structure, such as a blood vessel.
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Endothelium
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A tissue that covers the outside of a structure.
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Epithelium
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All the chemical reactions that take place in an organism.
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Metabolism
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The organelle found in cells in which most of the ATP synthesis occurs. It is the site of aerobic respiration.
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Mitochondrion
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Describes blood carrying oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobin.
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Oxygenated
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The tissue in plants that is used to transport dissolved sugars and other substances.
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Phloem
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Thin areas in the lignified walls of xylem tissue cells that allow communication between adjacent cells.
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(Bordered) Pits
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The membrane that surrounds every cell, forming the selectively permeable boundary between the cell and its environment.
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Plasma membrane
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Cells in the epithelium of roots that have long extensions to increase surface area for the absorption of water and minerals.
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Root hair cells
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A cell in phloem tissue through which sap is transported. It has very little cytoplasm, no nucleus, and non-thickened cellulose cell walls, with the end walls perforated.
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Sieve tube element
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A blood supply where blood flows through the heart once during each complete circuit of the body.
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Single circulatory system
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A type of muscle (involuntary muscle) found mostly in certain internal organs and involved in involuntary movements such as peristalsis.
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Smooth muscle
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The loss of water vapour from the aerial parts of a plant due to evaporation.
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Transpiration
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Describes a cell that is full of water as a result of entry of water due to osmosis such that pressure of the cell wall prevents more water entering.
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Turgid
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A plant tissue containing vessels (and other cells) that are used to transport water in a plant and provide support.
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Xylem
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Force of attraction between molecules of two different substances.
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Adhesion
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An attractive force between substances or particles. Often used to describe the strength of the interaction between enzyme and substrate.
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Affinity
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The route taken by water between the cells or through the cell walls in a plant.
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Apoplast pathway
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Term usually applied to the process of incorporating simple molecules of food produced by digestion into the living cells of an animal for use in metabolism.
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Assimilation
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A patch of tissue in the septum of the heart that conducts the electrical stimulus from the atria in the heart through to the Purkyne fibres.
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Atrioventricular node
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Valves between the atria and ventricles that prevent backflow of blood.
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Atrioventricular valves
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One of the upper chambers in the heart.
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Atrium
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The effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.
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Bohr effect
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Airways in the lungs that lead from the trachea to the bronchioles.
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Bronchi
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Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.
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Bronchioles
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A chemical system that resists changes in pH by maintaining a constant level of hydrogen ions in solution. Certain chemicals dissolved in the solution are responsible for this.
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Buffer
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Plant tissue in the stem and root that contains dividing cells.
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Cambium
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The molecule resulting from combination of carbon dioxide and haemoglobin.
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Carbaminohaemoglobin
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A class of biological molecules with the general formula (CH2O)n. It includes sugars, starches, glycogen and cellulose.
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Carbohydrate
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The sequence of events making up one heartbeat.
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Cardiac cycle
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The muscle found in the heart. It has its own intrinsic heartbeat (it is myogenic).
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Cardiac muscle
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A flexible, slightly elastic connective tissue.
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Cartilage
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A flexible structure that holds the airways open.
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Cartilage ring
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A strip of waterproof material (suberin) in the cell walls of root endodermis cells. It blocks the apoplast pathway.
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Casparian strip
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A carbohydrate polymer (of beta-glucose) that forms plant cell walls.
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Cellulose
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The movement of certain anions ions into red blood cells to balance the loss of hydrogencarbonate ions.
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Chloride shift
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Short extensions of eukaryotic cells, typically 2–10 µm long and 0.03 µm in diameter. Used for locomotion or to move fluids or mucus over a surface.
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Cilia
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Lining cells that have cilia on their cell surface.
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Ciliated epithelium
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The attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding.
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Cohesion
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A structural fibrous protein found in connective tissue, bones, skin and cartilage. It accounts for 30% of body protein.
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Collagen
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Vessels that carry blood to the heart muscle.
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Coronary arteries
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A protein in a cell membrane that allows movement of one molecule when linked to the movement of another molecule in the same direction by active transport.
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Cotransporter
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Blood with haemoglobin that carries no or little oxygen.
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Deoxygenated
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A sheet of muscular and fibrous tissue separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.
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Diaphragm
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The period when the heart muscle in the ventricles is relaxing and blood pressure is at its lowest.
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Diastole
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To make wider. For example, when the lumens of blood vessels open more.
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Dilate
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The separation of a molecule into two molecules, atoms or ions without breakage of a covalent bond. For example, the release of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin.
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Dissociation
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The curve on a graph showing the proportion of haemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen at different oxygen tensions.
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Dissociation curve
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A transport system in which blood travels twice through the heart for each complete circuit of the body.
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Double circulatory system
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Long fibres of the protein elastin that have the ability to stretch and recoil.
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Elastic fibres
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Tissue containing the protein elastin, which is able to stretch and recoil.
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Elastic tissue
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Trace (graph) showing the electrical activity of the heart muscle (atria and ventricles) during a cycle.
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Electrocardiogram
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A ring of cells between the cortex of a root and the area housing the xylem and phloem.
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Endodermis
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A protein molecule that acts as a biological catalyst.
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Enzyme
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Red blood cells.
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Erythrocytes
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A specialised area adapted to make it easier for molecules to cross from one side of the surface to the other.
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Exchange surface
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The passive movement of molecules across membranes down their concentration gradient. Aided by transport proteins but no metabolic energy is required.
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Facilitated diffusion
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Mixture of lipids, mainly triglycerides with saturated fatty acids, that is solid at body temperature. Act as an energy store, insulation, waterproofing and may give buoyancy.
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Fat
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A state in which the chambers in the heart contract out of rhythm.
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Fibrillation
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A term used to describe plant tissue where the cells have lost turgor and are not firm.
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Flaccid
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A 6-carbon monosaccharide sugar. Very important source of energy within cells. Substrate for glycolysis.
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Glucose
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Mucus-secreting cells in epithelial tissue.
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Goblet cells
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In pairs, these form the stomatal pore in the epidermis plants. They control the opening and closing of the pore by changes in their turgidity.
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Guard cells
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The iron-containing prosthetic group found in haemoglobin.
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Haem
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The protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells.
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Haemoglobin
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The acid produced when haemoglobin takes up hydrogen ions.
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Haemoglobinic acid
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Muscles between the ribs, responsible for moving the rib cage during breathing.
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Intercostal muscle
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General term for white blood cells.
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Leucocytes
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A waterproofing substance that impregnates the walls of xylem tissue and that gives wood its strength.
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Lignin
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A system of lymph nodes and lacteals with lymph fluid.
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Lymphatic system
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A type of white blood cell activated as part of the immune response that provides antibodies and cellular immunity.
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Lymphocyte
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Undifferentiated plant cells capable of rapid cell division.
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Meristem
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A slimy substance secreted by goblet cells in animal epithelial tissues. It is made up mostly of glycoproteins and protects and/or lubricates the surface on to which it is secreted.
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Mucus
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Describes muscle tissue (heart muscle) that generates its own contractions.
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Myogenic
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The amount of oxygen in the air expressed as the pressure created by the presence of oxygen, expressed in kilopascals (kPa).
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Oxygen tension
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Haemoglobin with oxygen molecules attached.
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Oxyhaemoglobin
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Relatively unspecialised plant cells. They have living contents and thin, permeable cellulose cell walls. They may be able to photosynthesise, store food or support young plants.
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Parenchyma
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The proportion of total pressure provided by a particular gas as part of a mixture of gases.
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Partial pressure
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A layer of cells in the root that lies just inside the endodermis. It usually consists of meristematic cells whose division gives rise to lateral roots.
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Pericycle
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Muscular contractions of muscle layers of gut to squeeze food along.
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Peristalsis
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Detachment of the plasma membrane from the cell wall as the cytoplasm shrinks when water is lost from a plant cell.
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Plasmolysis
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Fragments of cells in the blood that play a part in blood clotting.
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Platelets
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A polymer consisting of many amino acid monomers covalently bonded together.
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Polypeptide
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Apparatus used to measure water uptake in a leafy shoot and so to estimate rate of transpiration.
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Potometer
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A polymer consisting of many amino acid monomers covalently bonded together.
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Protein
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The circulation of the blood through the lungs.
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Pulmonary circulation
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The vein carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
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Pulmonary vein
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Specialised tissue (muscle fibres) in the septum of the heart that conducts the electrical stimulus from the sinoatrial node to the ventricles.
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Purkyne tissue
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Valves between the ventricles and the main arteries leading out of the heart, which prevent backflow of blood.
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Semilunar valves
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The wall separating the ventricles of the heart.
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Septum
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A part of a plant that removes sugars from the phloem.
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Sink
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The patch of tissue that initiates the heartbeat by sending waves of excitation over the atria.
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Sinoatrial node
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A solid that dissolves in a liquid.
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Solute
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A part of the plant that releases sugars into the phloem.
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Source
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The ‘skin’ on the surface of water formed as a result of hydrogen bonding in water molecules pulling the surface molecules downwards.
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Surface tension
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A chemical that can reduce the surface tension of a film of water.
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Surfactant
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The route taken by water through the cytoplasm of cells in a plant.
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Symplast pathway
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The circulation that carries blood around the body, excluding the circulation to the lungs.
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Systemic circulation
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The stage of the heart cycle in which heart muscle contracts to pump blood.
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Systole
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String-like tendons used to attach the atrioventricular valves of the heart to the sides of the ventricle wall. Sometimes called heart strings.
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Tendinous cords
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A group of similar cells that perform a particular function.
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Tissue
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The fluid, derived from blood plasma, that surrounds the cells in a tissue.
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Tissue fluid
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The windpipe leading from the back of the mouth to the bronchi.
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Trachea
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The movement of sucrose and other substances up and down a plant.
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Translocation
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The pathway taken by water in plants as it passes from cell to cell via the cell cytoplasm and vacuole.
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Vacuolar pathway
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The transport tissue in a plant – usually found as a bundle containing both xylem and phloem.
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Vascular tissue
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Either of two large veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.
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Vena cava
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Breathing – movement of diaphragm and rib cage that bring air into and out of the lungs.
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Ventilation
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The lower chambers in the heart that pressurise the blood when they contract.
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Ventricle
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The potential energy of water vapour in a gas – it is used to indicate how much water vapour is present.
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Water vapour potential
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A plant specially adapted to living in dry areas.
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Xerophyte
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Minute vessels connecting arteries to veins that provide the exchange surface for tissues to obtain oxygen and nutrients.
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Capillary
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Breathing in.
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Inspiration
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Breathing out.
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Expiration
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Apparatus for measuring breathing rate, volume and oxygen uptake.
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Spirometer
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The maximum volume of air that can be exchanged in the lungs.
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Vital capacity
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The volume of air that is exchanged in the lungs at rest.
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Tidal volume
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The movement of oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste around the body.
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Transport
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The main artery leaving the heart taking oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation.
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Aorta
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The artery carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
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Pulmonary artery
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Form of blood supply where blood cells remain within vessels.
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Closed circulatory system
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Form of blood supply where blood cells permeate freely through the tissues.
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Open circulatory system
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The gas exchange system in fish.
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Gills
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Fluid that drains back to the venous circulation via the lymphatic system.
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Lymph
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Form of haemoglobin with higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin.
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Fetal haemoglobin
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A slight change in the three dimensional structure of a protein that may result in a change in activity. Often involved in regulation of enzyme activity.
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Conformational change
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Form of haemoglobin involved in transport of carbon dioxide.
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Carbaminohaemoglobin
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Anion formed by the dissociation of carbonic acid in the blood.
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Hydrogen carbonate
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Formed when carbon dioxide dissolces in water - formation is catalysed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
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Carbonic acid
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Enzyme catlaysing the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water.
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Carbonic anhydrase
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The hydrostatic pressure resulting from the osmotic movement of water.
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Pressure potential
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Disaccharide used by plants for transporting sugar from leaves to sinks.
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Sucrose
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