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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
SODA
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Substitutions
Omissions Distortions Additions |
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Phone
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any instance of a speech sound
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Phoneme
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Group or class of speech sounds that pattern together in a language to change word meanings
Members of the "class" are each called allophones of that phoneme Abstract linguistic concepts Identified through Minimal Pairs |
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Minimal Pair
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2 words that differ in meaning and also differ by on ly a single speech sound
pin-sin boot-beet |
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Children must learn:
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1. Inventory of contrastive phonemes
2. Allophonic rules 3. Phonotactics (morpheme structure rules and sequential constraints) 4. Morphophonemic rules |
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English includes
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More vowels than most languages
More dental fricatives |
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English Allophonic Rules
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VL stop consonants are aspirated in syllable-initial position
Pat vs taP V obstruents are partially devoiced when they occur before VL sounds Add two vs aedtu Vowels are nasalized when followed by a nasal consonant Kan vs Kat Vowels are longer when they are followed by V sounds pig vs pick |
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Phonotactics
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Includes morpheme structure rules
Eng- prefix, suffix (Infix, circumfix) Includes sequential constraints |
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Morphophonemic Rules
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English plural /s/
Past tense "ed" |
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English plural /s/
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bat [s] When the word ends in a voiceless (non-sibilant) sound
dog [z] when the word ends in a voiced (non-sibilant) sound house [ez] -When the word ends in a sibilant |
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Past tense -ed
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wave [d]- When the word ends in voiced sound (except d)
talk [t]- when the word ends in a VL sound (except t) pad [ed]- when the word ends in t or d |
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What is a phonological disorder?
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A linguistic (lang based) prob
Central problem (software glitch) Also called cognitive-linguistic problem Speech sound errors due to phonological disorders= "phonemic" errors |
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When does a child have a phonological disorder?
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Persisting normal processes
chronological mismatch unusual processes systematic sound preference variable use of processes |
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Articulation vs Phonological disorders
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Artic- peripheral issues
should not affect lang syntax or morph Phon-Central may affect other areas of lang |
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Phonetic error
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problems physically producing the sound
-also called motor problems or artic problems |
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Phonemic error
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problem knowing how the sound fits into the system
AKA linguistic prob, phonological prob |
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Two kinds of inventories
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Phonetic- list all
Phonemic- list phonemes used correctly |
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Vowel
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A speech sound that is formed without a significant constriction of the oral and pharyngeal cavities, and that serves as a syllable nucleus.
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Significant constriction
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cavities are never narrowed to the same degree as a consonant
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syllable nucleus
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only one vowel sound occurs within the boundaries of a syllable unit
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i
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seed
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I
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List
City |
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e
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holidAy
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E
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bet
expect |
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ae
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glass
piano |
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u
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ooze
dew |
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U
(horseshoe) |
wood
hoof bull |
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o
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rotate
ocean |
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e (upsidown)
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haunt
office law |
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UCT
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Underwater Construction Team 3 Officers, 45 Enlisted, 48 total
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Consonants are described by:
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Place
Manner Voice |
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General Rule for artic
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by age 6- intelligible
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The cochlea (inner ear) and auditory nerve are complete by:
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24 weeks
Still have 15-16 weeks until birth Language learning may be starting |
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Newborn Disadvantages
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Split brained
Mostly subcortical-neurons lack myelin Mostly reflexive Much remodeling going on in the skeleton, muscles and nervous system Nonhuman mammalian head anatomy at birth |
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Newborn oral cavity
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- Infant’s oral cavity is flat and almost filled by the tongue
- Oral cavity and pharynx are not well differentiated - Pharynx is very short and larynx is very high (actually contacts back of velum). - All breathing must be through the nose. |
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Newborn oral anatomy effects sph production
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Initially only nasal sounds are possible
Not possible to produce a variety of vowels or sonorant consonants bc larynx is not deep enough By 6-8 months vocal tract shape resembles that of an adult |
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Oral movements + vocalization =
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sound play
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Stage 1
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reflexive crying and vegetative sounds
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Stage 2
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Cooing and laughter stage
vowel-like sounds, not well defined may include some posterior consonant-like sounds may include "quasi-resonant nuclei" |
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Stage 3
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Vocal play stage
Emergence of prolonged vowels or sustained consonant-like sounds changes in pitch and loudness much more variation in tongue height and position |
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Stage 4 (6+ months)
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Stages of Canonical babbling
reduplicated /bababa/ Variegated babbling /badigodiga/ |
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The content of babbling
certain vowels occur more frequently |
alveolars + front vowels /dae dae/
velars+ back vowels /gu gu/ labials+ central vowels /b^ b^/ |
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Stage 5 (10+ months)
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Jargon Stage
overlaps w/ first words babbling with changes in intonation, rhythm and pausing Sounds like sentences without words |
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First 50 words
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big milestone
around 1 year |
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What is a first word
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relatively stable phonetic form that is produced consistently in a particular context and is recognizably related to the adultlike word form
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David Ingram 6 major stages of phonological development
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1. Birth- 12 mo: prelinguistic vocalizations
2. 12-18 mo: phonology of the first 50 words 3. 1;6-4;0 Phonology of simple morphemes -browns stages I-IV -vowel inventory complete by 3 -fully intelligible by 4 (w/ some errors) 4. 4-7: completion of phoneme inventory 5. 7-12 Morphophonemic dev 6. 12+ spelling |
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Largest gains in phonological development occur between
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1;6 and 5;0
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Data suggests that 70% of children have mastered all the vowels by about age
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3
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3 main phonological processes
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Syllable structure
Substitution Assimilation |
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Syllable structure
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Unstressed-syllable deletion
Reduplication Diminutization- dolly epenthesis ICD FCD Cluster reduction cluster substitution |
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Substitution Processes
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stopping
deaffricating velar fronting Depalatization backing liquid gliding vocalization |
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Assimilation processes
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labial
velar nasal alveolar prevocalic voicing postvocalit devoicing Total and Partial assimilation |
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Suppression of processes
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development should get rid of them naturally
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Prosodic development
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Contrastive stress
mastery of entire prosodic system is probably not complete until 12 |