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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Constantine defeated the former tetrarch Maxentius at the Battle of _____
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The Milvian Bridge
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As the new Roman Emperor, Constantine adopted and promoted this new religion:
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Christianity
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Constantine celebrated his victory with a triumphal arch and a new building which most Romans would have called a temple, and Christians consider the first official Christian Church:
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Church of St. Peter
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The architects of the new church of St. Peter used this type of Roman public building as a model:
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basilica
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Classical artists typically indicate the physical presence of God in naturalistic (if idealized) sculpture. Early Christian artists prefer this type of representation:
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Symbolic representations
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Despite the biblical prohibition against worship of "graven images" the 3rd Century synagogue at Dura Europos is decorated with murals, but ___ is never represented in figural form.
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God
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In the Consecration of the Tabernacle scene, the figure of Aaron is larger than the other figures because _____
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He is the most important
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Aaron is shown as flatter than the other figures because ____
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it emphasizes that Aaron is a symbol rather than a physical likeness
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The earliest Christian paiting in Rome survives in this context:
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Catacombs
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In the first centuries of Christianity, Roman Christians buried their dead in a network of underground passages called ____.
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Catacombs
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Among the type of subjects represented on the walls and ceilings of these underground passages might be:
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Scenes of salvation
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Roman burials were always ____ the city walls.
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Outside
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One concrete method by which the early Christians express their belief in immortality of the soul, and suggest and the unimportance of physical death might be ____________
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Allowing dead body inside church
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The earliest figures which may represent Christ show Him in this role:
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Good shepherd
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The altar of a Christian church is typically aligned towards this cardinal point:
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East
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Requirements for a Christian church include a place for the congregation to meet, but the focus of the liturgy is the celebration of the _____
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eucharist
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Models for churches include another type of Roman building, such as Costantia's ____
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mausoleum - tomb
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The church of Santa Constanza in Rome and the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia both served two functions; they were used as ___ and as ____.
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tombs and churches
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The four books of the New Testament are the four _____.
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Gospels
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Name the Four Evangelists and their symbols:
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Matthew: man
Mark: lion Luke: bull John: eagle |
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Roman burials are invariably outside the city walls; why did Christian churches incorporate dead bodies?
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Memorial to the dead & way of showing how unimportant the physical body was
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Early Christian and Byzantine churches are typically decorated in this medium:
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Mosaic
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Mosaics may use tesserae of glass and gold deliberately placed at irregular angles to create this effect:
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The gold glitters & gives effect of heavenly glow
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Adherents of Jewish and Christian and Muslim religions were referred to as _______
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people of the book.
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Indications of Roman royal or imperial statues include this color, adapted to signify the statue of Jesus:
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purple
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Mosaic decorations of churches tell a story and convey a message; the theme of the mosaics in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore is ______
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the history of human salvation
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Some of the representations seem deliberately un-naturalistic; in the scene of Lot and Abraham, why does the artist insert a slive of gold between the two figures?
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Emphasizes their separate choices
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For the "People of the Book", the written word of God is important. In the 4th century, the format of books changed from _____ to _____
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Scroll to bound codex
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In the first few centuries after the birth of Christ, Christianity was an "underground" religion; by 359 CE, the "Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus" lets us know that Christianity is an important official religion because:
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sarcophagus belongs to an important official of the Roman Empire
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In the 4th Century, Constantine moves the capital of the Roman empire from ___ to the small trading port of Byzantium, which re renames ________.
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Rome
Constantinople |
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In 394 C.E. the sacred games at Olympia were ___ and Roman temples were ____.
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ended & closed
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Churches in the ____ tend to be in basilica form and churches in the ____ tend to use a central plan.
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West, East
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The figures of Justinian in San Vitale are described having no physical form or eartly space, but as existing in an eternal present; how does the artist create this effect?
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Very flattened figures, w/o modeling, feet seem to float with pointed toes
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What are Justinian and Theodora holding? Why?
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A loaf of bread & cup of wine - elements of the sacrament of the eucharist transformed into body & blood of Christ. Emperor & Empress are main actors in this important ritual
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The square nave of Hagia Sophia is roofed with a circular dome; the triangular architectural feature makes a transition between the two shapes is called a :
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pendentive
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The dome of Hagia Sophia seems to float because ____
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A row of closely spaced windows at the base
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Procopius describes the church, and suggests that the purpose of the design and decoration is ___
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one's mind is "lifted up towards God...feeling that He cannot be far away"
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Hagia Sophia does not quite look as it did in Justinian's time because this is missing from the walls ____
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the figural mosaics
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The windows at the base of the dome of Hagia Sophia serve this practical function:
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to admit light
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And this expressive function:
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to suggest the light of God
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In a 6th Century ivory in the British Museum, the presence of St. Michael is described as compelling because of it's disembodied quality; how does the artist create this effect?
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Inconsistent relationship between the figure & architecture (arms in front of & feet behind the columns)
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An ivory or a paining made in two parts hinged together is called a _______
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diptych
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In the illustrated page of the Vienna Genesis, why is the Virgin Mary on a donkey represented twice?
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Two episodes in the same story
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A typical feature of Byzantine art are images which may be portable objects used for personal devotion:
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icons
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Controversy in the 8th Century concerned the use of images - whether they were useful aids to worship, or graven whose use was akin to worshipping idols. Emperor Leo III encouraged the destruction of all images; this destruction is called ____
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iconoclasm
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In the Christian, Jewish, and Islamic faiths, the prohibition against the worship of idols comes from this document:
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10 Commandments
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The "Middle" Byzantine church of Daphne uses a central plan decorated with narratives; to read the images in order one must circulate through the church. This movement may intend to evoke this kind of journey:
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pilgrimage
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Hallmarks of Byzantine art include stiff figures and gold grounds, a style descrbied in Italy as _____
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the Greek style
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Static images glowing with the radiance of heaven might be effectively represented in mosaic, but the dramatic images of the anastatsis at the Church of Kariye Camii in Istanbul are in this medium:
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painted in fresco
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The city once known as Constantinople is now the modern city of _______.
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Istanbul
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The ____ is the area where the congregation sits
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Nave
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____ are the "arms," at right angles to the nave.
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Transept
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The passages to the sides of the nave and transepts.
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Aisle
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Elevated semi-circular area at the East end, usually behind the altar.
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Apse
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The holy book of Islam, the Word of God, is called after the Arabic word meaning "word" _____
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Quran
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The Word of God was revealed by the angel Gabriel to the prophet
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Mohammad
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The biblical name Abraham is the Arabic name Ibrahim, and the biblical name Isaac is ____
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Ismail
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This event including Ibrahim or Abraham is represented in the sarcophagus of Junius Bassus and commemorated in the Dome of the Rock:
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Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac
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The Arabic word for God is ____
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Allah
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Worship of Islam didn't require a basilica-type structure because the practice of worship was different; what are the requirements for a mosque?
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Space for the individual to pray
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The Five Pillars of Islam are ____, ____, _____, _____, ______.
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belief in one god,prayer, alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca
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According to Muhammand ibn Mahmud, writing is important because ____
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Writing the word God = form of worship
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Script is an important element in the decoration of religious structures; the Dome of the rock includes a frieze with texts from this book:
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Quran
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The function of a minaret:
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tower so people can hear the call to prayer
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A niche in the wall of a mosque which marks the direction of Mecca is called
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mihrab
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In a Delaware mosque, the niche will be on the ____
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side of the building East
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A type of decoration with intertwined strap-like lines may be flowing swirls or geometric shapes; the pattern is called
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arabesque
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The art of writing so beautifully that the letters themselves are decoration:
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calligraphy
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The decoration of Islamic religious texts and buildings and objects are always aniconic; in what context do Islamic artists use figural images?
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in non-religious works
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Division of Islam into Shi'ite and Sunni derives from a controversy about the nature of religious authority; Shi'ite followers believed that community leaders must be ____
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direct physical descendants of the Prophet Mohammad
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The period referred to as "Early Medieval" or the "Dark Ages" have this muddled name because _________
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the period incorporates the traditions of a variety of different groups, with different languages, legal codes, gods, etc.
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What might one assume about the lifestyles of people whose art consists of small, decorated, useful, and portable objects?
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Nomadic
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A kind of decoration which uses ribbon-like forms twisted into knots:
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interlace
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On the animal head from the Osberg ship, the ribbon-like forms are zoomorphic, i.e. ______________
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in the shape of animals
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The earliest Christian monasteries were deliberately placed in this kind of environment:
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as far from civilization as possible
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Books in the Roman empire were in this form ___ but books in the Middle Ages were ______
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scrolls / codex
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A book written by hand is a
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manuscript
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In 793 C.E. the ____ attacked the Monastery of Lindisfarne
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Vikings
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On the ships of their attackers, the monks of Lindisfarne probably saw a work such as this:
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Osberg ship head
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The Viking king at Osberg and the Anglo-Saxon king interred at Sutton Hoo were buried in
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ships
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"Carolingian" art is called after "Carolus Magnus" whom we typically refer to as
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Charlemagne
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Charlemagne saw himself as reviving an ancient empire, so on Christmas day in the year 800 he was crowned Emperor in the city of _____.
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Rome
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The doors commissioned by Bishop Bernwald for the monastery church at Hildesheim are in this medium:
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bronze
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The subject of the images of the left door is ____ _____ _____, and the right is _____ _____ _____.
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Old Testament stories, New Testament stories
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The images on the Hildesheim doors might be seen as horizontal pairs, a typology in which the Old Testament is a prefiguration of the New Testament; the overall message of the doors might be _____
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the origin of sin and method of redeption
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What did the artist of the scene representing Christ washing the feet of His apostles want a plain gold background to the figures?
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The gold makes flat background which makes it easy to see essential gestures
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Why did the artist represent Christ with one arm longer than the other?
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Allowing us to read the gesture clearly is more important than anatomy
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The subject is now so familiar that it is difficult for us to recognize the innovation of the Gero Crucifix, but Christ is represented in a new way:
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first surviving representation of Jesus which shows Him suffering
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The first representations of Christ which show him as suffering on the cross seem to have been made at around this time:
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970-1000
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In a village, town, or city in Europe in the Middle Ages, the largest structure would be a ____.
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Church
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Builders designing churches in Europe in c. 1000 AD borrowed construction techniques from surviving Roman buildings; what kind of buildings or structures might they have seen?
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Aquaducts, basilicas, amphitheatures
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Many churches in the Romanesque period were much larger than required for local congregations because they were on the routes of _______
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pilgrimage
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An object which belonged to a holy person is called a _____.
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Relic
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A container for these objects is a ______.
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Reliquary
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The most popular subject for a sculpture above the main entrance to a Romanesque church:
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Last Judgement
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In a Roman structure like the Pont du Garde, the arches standing side-by side support one another; the arches in a Romanesque church are supported from the outside of the church by masonry supports called _____.
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Buttresses
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In Northern Europe from the early Middle Ages onward, most churches were built with a floorplan in this shape: ____.
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cross
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The side wings or "arms" of the church plan are called
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transepts
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The political system of Europe in the Romanesque period in which people owed allegiance to a local lord _____
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feudalism
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In the Middle Ages, the only institution which transcended local boundries was the ___
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church, headed by the Pope in Rome
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In the Romanesque period an image of a man fighting an animal might be interpreted as an allegory of _______
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God vs devil
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Churches in the Romanesque period often look as solid and massive as a fortress, and the christian church of this period is sometimes described as "militant" what was the Church fighting?
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Sin
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For scholars in the Middle Ages, a spiritual life might take a contemplative form: one might live thus:
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As a monk
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For scholars in Middle Ages, a spiritual life might take an active form; one might fight in the:
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Crusades
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The Abbot of Saint Denis who argued that we might apprehend God thru the visual beauty and magnificence of gold & jewels is named ______.
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Abbot Suger
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The ideal in a Gothic church was to have walls filled in with ____ ____.
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Stained glass
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In Medieval architecture, building in the _______ style tend to have the appearance of solid block-like shapes, and building in the _____ tend to have the appearance of tall thin linear shapes.
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Romanesque/Gothic
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In Medieval sculpture, figures in the _____ style tend to have the proportions of an average person, and figures in the ____ style tend to look improbably tall, thin, attenuated.
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Romanesque/Gothic
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In a church in the Romanesque style, the vaults use arches in this shape: _____ and in the Gothic style, the vaults use arches in this shape: ____.
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Rounded/pointed
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When the Romanesque cathedral of Chartes was destroyed in a fire, who decided to rebuild?
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citizens of Chartres
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In the ____ style, artists seem to prefer to show figures as structural forms, rahter than as free standing figures.
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Romanesque
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In the ___ style, artists seem to prefer to show free-standing figures.
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Gothic
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A circular window of stained glass is called a _____ window.
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Rose
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Light was so important in a Medieval church to see by, but also because light was a symbol for __.
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God
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