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182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Plaza de Haucapata
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Plaza in the middle of the Cuzco where noble temples were built around
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What did the Incas do to the Plaza to try and honour Mama Pacha
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Covered in with sand
-previously paved
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What river runs through Cuzco?
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Waytani River
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What is Cuzco said to resemble?
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A puma
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2 main areas of Cuzco:
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Hanansaya (upper)
Hurinsaya (lower) |
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What is a common metaphor for the 2 sayas?
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Left hand and right hand, 2 parts to make a whole
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What is the saya system called?
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The moiety system
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Who had buildings along the Plaza de Haucapata?
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The royal panacas
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Who didn't live in the heart of Cuzco?
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Commoners
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Cuzco was a ________ center?
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Pilgrimage center
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Who lives in Cuzco?
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The nobility
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What do all the servants do after and before work?
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Come and leave the city through checkpoints
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Cusipata
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A big open area, lined with houses of the ethnic lords in each province
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What were the houses arranged like?
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Arranged around the cusipata in terms of what suyu they were from
-metaphor for the outlay of the empire |
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Qorikancha
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The most elite temple in the empire
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What saya is Qorikancha located in?
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Hurinsaya
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What did the spanish build overtop of Qorikancha?
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A cathedral
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What was located in the Qorikancha?
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-where the gods resided as well as gold, silver, statues and imperial mummies |
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What else would the Incas place inside the Qorikancha?
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Wak'as of the places they conquered, kept them here so they could converse with the Inca gods
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Virachoca:
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Creator god
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Sun and moon god:
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Inti and mamakilla
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Who was another important deity that warriors and their mothers would pray to?
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The weather god, thunder, the inca war god
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What was the emperor and empress considered?
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The son of the sun and the daughter of the moon
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What were offerings to the wak'as like?
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Could be chichi, burned garmets, anything considered precious
in serious situations, human life! |
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What did the Incas do with their dead royalty?
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Mummified in a position, with there knees up, new garnets made for them all the time, even served food at festivals
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Saywite
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West of Cuzco, area that the Incas incorporated into there empire early on under Pacha Kuti, would have had a different ethnic group
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What was saywite famous for?
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A massive carved stone boulder
-Inca shrine "Stone of Saywite" - |
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What is carved on the stone of Saywite?
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Lizards, frogs, pumas, moneys, humans, maize stocks and buildings
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what is this stone called and what was it used for?
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a divination stone, used by priests that would pour chicha down the carved channels
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What is behind the stone in Saywite?
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a temple with a water shrine, a fountain with 9 layers
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What is below the temple in the valley?
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Many more carved stones
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What was one of the reasons the Incas made these stones?
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To take over ethnic groups without a massive effort, locals would make offerings to these stones to
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Ushnu
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Large platform stage that the nobles would look out on when visiting
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What was the point of the ushnu in the Saywite?
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Put the Inca stamp on the local area, incorporated the local people into there customs
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pottery with the pointed bottom:
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Aryballo
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What was an aryballo used for?
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dispensing chicha
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pottery made by specialists in cuzco:
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imperial
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pottery made by local potters of different provinces:
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provincial (imitations)
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weaving and pottery were used for:
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gifts and sacrifices
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festivals:
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happen in February and
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each village will have one big festival _______
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every year
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what does a festival require?
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a male sponsor
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how are these male sponsors chosen?
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a community village meeting
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how does the seating work at the meeting?
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men seated in front, women seated on the ground in the back
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who talks during the meeting?
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men
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who gets the last say in the meeting?
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women
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why are wira warma important in the decision making?
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they no the economic situation and capabilities of everyone in the village?
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how does choosing a sponsor work as a levelling mechanism?
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makes sure no one in the village gets to rich, if you are getting more wealthy then others you will be chosen
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Power objects
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enqas
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Sonqos power objects:
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taytacha-2 crosses
Mamacha-2 little mothers (statues of virgins) |
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what do the crosses symbolize?
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crucifixion of christ
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What are some of the things people must do during the festivals?
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participate there hardest, drink and dance harder then everyone else
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Why do the Runa exert so much energy at the festivals?
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The energy they expend will come back to the ayllu. if the taytachas and mamachas are impressed they will give the vitality back to the runa
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Mache Fiesta
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the town of Maches festival
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ome to visit other towns festivals
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come to visit other towns festivals
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At festival time, people who have left Mache to work or move will:
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come back
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In Mache one year, the sponsor brought in:
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a band from another village
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Customary drinking practice:
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fill a glass, then pass the bottle, drink the glass, then pass it, the next person fills the glass, passes the bottle, then passes the glass, repeat
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Reasons for celebrating in February:
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most wet season, potatoes and beans ready to harvest
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Chakitaku:
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digging stick
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Inca times there was a big ceremony for:
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ploughing the land
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what did the emperor and empress do at the beginning of the festival?
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break the first piece of land each year
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what did that festival require?
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lots of offerings and libations to mama pacha
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Storehouse had a guardian of some kind:
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bird or animal skull, sometimes skull of an ancestor
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Wakaqilla flowers:
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"you'll just cry out"
-women told to chew these to open there throats for singing |
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Qoyllur Rit'i
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Snow covered mountain South of Cuzco that had a huge pilgrimage to it every year
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What did the festivities at Qoyllur Rit'i include?
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dance troupes
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Ch'unchu
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Specific dance troupe that represented the people of the tropical forest
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Ukuku
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Specific dance troupe, bear dancers, comical and frightening at the same time
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Qolla
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Specific dance troupe, represents traders from the southern region of Lake Titicaca
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Marco Huamachucho
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Northern Sierra Peru
-had buildings 2-3 stories high, large walls surrounding the city |
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Yawar Mayu:
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"blood river"
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The Runa know the mountains need to be fed:
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liked blood and human corpses had to be sacrificed
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What is the tradition that the Incas and Runa do to honour the Mountains with blood?
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A Tinku
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Tinku:
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more of a concept then a word
-2 rivers coming together and one things flows on -mixing 2 things together to make a brand new thing |
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What is the Tinku like?
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2 opposing sides coming together in a violent release of energy
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What could the 2 sides of a tinku be?
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1.) hanan vs hurin
2.) 2 ayllus 3.) 2 separate towns |
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How does a tinku begin?
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Head man and his wife toast to the other sides head man and wife and mama pacha
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How does the tinku heat up?
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start yelling friendly things, slowly start bantering, then escalates to insults, people get angry
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what weapon gets brought out?
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slings
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When did a tinku end before it became illegal?
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after someone died
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who could be the person that died?
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anyone, man, women, child, all that matters is that someone was sacrificed to mama pacha
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Paititi
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A story of the incas return, a runa went looking for his cattle, stumbled into a ancient Inca who showed him a Inca city of gold
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Inka Ri
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Last independent king was coaxed out by the spanish and beheaded, the rest of his body is slowly growing back from his head
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what is the moral of these 2 stories:
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the Incas will rise again, while throw out the spanish and misti kuna and will rule again
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Ashlar masonry
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stone bricks laid in perfect rows, every stone is a slightly different size, fit perfectly together
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How did the Incas shape these stones?
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With hammer stones
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What is the method that the incas used to shape the stones?
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"bounce and twist" method
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What is the bounce and twist method?
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drop the stone, catch, twist in a rhythmic motion
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How long does it take to smooth a surface?
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20 mins
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how many hammer stone sizes were used?
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3 stones, a 4kg, 2 kg, and smaller stone
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Cyclopean masonry
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bigger stones at the base, smaller at the top fitted tightly together
-resists earthquakes |
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Stonework analogy:
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like the entire empire, all the provinces fit together in one big mosaic, some are big, some are small, every piece is needed
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Saqsawaman
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On a hill looking down at Cuzco
-unfinished building |
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Who was ruling when Saqsawaman was being built?
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Topa Inca
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How many men where working on Saqsawaman and for how long?
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30,000 men for 25 year
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How did the Incas move these massive stones from the quarries?
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Dragged with ropes along well paved roads, slippery when wet
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What did the Incas do to put the stones in place?
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Put on rollers to get them in position, then hoisted up and held up with logs, then used a scribe
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How did a scribe work?
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wood and string tied to it with a stone, moved along showing how the stone will sit on the wall, made mirror image of the bottom surface on the top
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Ollantaytambo
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Has a large inca temple on top of a hill with large stone blocks on top
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How did they get the stones on top?
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sled and slider ladders method with lever pulls
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what is the advantage of the sled and sliders?
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can go over the rough terrain
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Where is Machu Picchu?
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north of the Urubamba river from Cuzco
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What was Machu Picchu?
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Was a royal estate, owned by Pacha Kuti and his panaca
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What was Machu Picchu?
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Referred to as the lost city of the Incas
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Who was Machu Picchu discovered and publicized as the lost city by?
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Hiram Bingham
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Who lived at Machu Picchu?
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Nobility, no servants
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What is at the entrance of Machu Picchu
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The "Sun Gate"
-Intipunku, where guards would be checking who goes in and out |
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What is happening to Machu Picchu today?
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seen as a powerful spot in the world, many tourists visit everyday, all year
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Why are there protests to increase the amount of people in there despite the fact its detrimental to the site?
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$100 a head to get in, important to Peruvian economy
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who is ruling the empire at its height in 1515AD?
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Huayna Capac
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During his reign, where did Huayna Capac go to settle a uprise?
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North to settle a group of savages who rose up and slaughtered there Inca Governors
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Huayna Capacs panaca:
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Tumipampa
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Hauyna Capacs wife and son:
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Kusi Rimaq
Ninan |
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First Consort and son:
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Rahua Oqllo
Waskhar |
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Who does Huayna Capac take north with him and who did he leave behind?
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The empress and her sons, and Rahua Oqllo but not Waskhar (to young)
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Rumichaca:
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stone bridge Huayna Capac constructed in the north over a very deep ravine
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Cuenca (Tumipampa)
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City where Huayna Capac was born
"City of Eternal Spring" |
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What did Hauyna Capac build in Tumipampa and why declare the city was going to be?
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His palace, Pumapungo and declared the city was going to be another Inca capital
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Rio Tomebamba
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River that runs through Cuenca
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How long did the campaign take and why?
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several years, possibly because Huayna Capac didn't want to return to Cuzco, liked the climate up North better
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What was going on back in Cuzco while Capac was up north?
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There was a plot to depose him, but it was discovered and the leaders were beheaded
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Hatun kanar (Ingapirca)
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Capital of the Kanari people
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What were the Kanari people regarded as?
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The most civilized of the northern people
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Who did the Kanari develop a close relationship with?
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Topa Incas lineage after they were conquered by him
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What kind of masonry was seen in Hutan Kanar that is not seen very much?
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Rounded walls
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Rumicucho
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Fortress up in the highlands that guarded their borders up in Ecuador
-Low walls, quite simple |
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What was important for the fortress?
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The position, up on a hill top, has a commanding view of the entire region around it
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Who are the 3 tribe groups that have an alliance and fight against the Incas in the north?
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1.) Pasto
2.) Cayambi 3.) Caranqui |
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What was one of the possible reasons it took Huayna Capac so long to defeat these tribe groups?
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The landscape was all forest, and the natives fighting style was scattered, couldn't have one big battle
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What happened to Huayna Capac that caused him to be angry with his generals?
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Almost died in a battle, was surrounded by the enemy and his generals weren't there to protect him
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What did Huayna Capac do to the generals to punish them?
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Cut there rations and then didn't invite them to the victory party
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Offended, what did the generals threaten to do?
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Leave and take a large chunk of the army with them
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What did Huayna Capac do to make them stay?
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Had a women dress up as the goddess of the moon and tell them if they stayed huayna capac had many gifts for them
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Where did the Incas chase the natives after they trapped them outside there fortress?
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Lake Yahuarcocha
"Lake of Blood" |
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Where did Huayna Capac spend a lot of time after the rebellion is over and done with?
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Tumipampa and Quito
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When did disease start spreading around the empire?
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1528 AD
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How many people would have died due to this disease?
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At least 200,000
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How did Huayna Capac die?
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The disease killed him
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What did Huayna Capac say when asked who would be the next emperor after he died?
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Nominate my son Ninan, but if he can't take over, I nominate my son Waskhar if the omens are good
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Why could Ninan not rule?
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He died from the disease as well
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Despite bad omens, What does Waskhar do?
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Declares himself emperor
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what did Waskhar do to anyone who opposed him?
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Executed and had there estates taken
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What saya did Waskhar change himself to?
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Was born into Hanansaya, but changed into Hurinsaya
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Why did Waskhar switch sayas?
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A political move, trying to get all of Hurinsaya on his side
-already had the support of tumipampa panaca of hanansaya |
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Who was Ata Walpa?
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One of Huayna Capacs sons, who ruled Quito after his father died
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What was Waskhar ordering all the generals to do?
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Come back to Cuzco, where he was executed them all, getting ride of anyone that could get in his way
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Who refused to return to Cuzco under Waskhars orders?
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Ata Walpa, knew what was going on
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After Ata Walpa continued to come to Cuzco for a few years, what did Waskhar do?
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Sent an army north to Quito to arrest Ata Walpa
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Where do Ata Walpa and Waskhar's race to to try and control an important pass?
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Town of Mocha, on the south border of Quito
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Who did Waskhars army have the support of in the north?
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The Kanari people
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How many men does Ata Walpa have march north
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13,000 men
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Las Campinas de Mocha
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"an open flat area" where the first battle took place
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What was the outcome of this battle?
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13,000 men vs. 40,000 men
-Quitans defeated for they had to climb up a slope to get to the flatland, where outnumbered and couldn't see how many other men were there |
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What was the significance of this battle
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first time there was Inca vs. Inca fighting
-Civil war, very detrimental to the empires image |
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What happened after this battle?
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The battles continued, Ata Walpas men knew they either had to take Cuzco or die
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who were the 2 generals that led Ata Walpas men?
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1.) Quiz Quiz
2.) Chalcochima |
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What does Ata Walpa do during these battles?
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Remains in Quito, if he were to die the whole mission was over, now making a case that he should be emperor
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Who was it that had actual claim to the throne?
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Waskhar-> more noble, mother was Huayna Capacs sister
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Yanamarca
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Plain were a large battle took place
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How many men were on each side?
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130,000
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How did Chalcochimas men victorious?
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Took 5,000 men and runs around the hills, comes down along the sides and breaks into waskhars army from the side and rear, broke the ranks
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What happened at Vicashuaman?
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Waskhars army came upon a convoy of Ata Walpas mens wives, children and servants, slaughtered them all
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Why was Ata Walpas army running out of time?
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Men were out of food and weapons, outnumbered
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How did Chalcochima and his men capture Waskhar?
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Dressed up as Waskhars soldiers, marched up to Waskhars convoy and slaughtered his guards and took him captive
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What did Chalcochima do to the Waskhar supporters?
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Slaughtered some in the streets of Cuzco, others where taken up to Saqsawaman and lined up and slaughtered
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After the war is done, what does Ata Walpa do?
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Makes his way down to Cuzco
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How far does Ata Walpa get and why?
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Calamarca, where he meets Pizzaro
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How many people lived in the empire |
12 million |
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Which Inca ruler was captured by Pizzaro at Cajamarca , and forced to pay a huge ransom? |
Ata Walpa |
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In what year did the great Inca rebellion take place? |
1536 |
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When did the Spanish civil war take place (what years)? |
1537-1538 |
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According to the early Spanish chroniclers, what factors allowed handful of conquistadors conquer the vast Inca Empire? |
a.) their own bravery b.) divine intervention |
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According to modern popular account, why did the Inca empire collapse so quickly after the Spanish arrived? |
a.) Superior European technology b.) Biological-disease resistance |
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What are the traditional beginning and end dates for the Inca empire? |
1438-1536 |
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What did a new emperor inherit and not inherit under the law of split inheritance, and what does this law require them to do? |
Inherits: power and status doesn't inherit: wealth -have to find own wealth and form own Panaca |
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According to Inca tradition, which royal person was selected to replace the previous emperor? (what were his qualifications?) |
-No fixed rule of succession -In theory, the most capable prince was chosen |
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Subject peoples in the provinces were loyal to the Inca state because they valued their citizenship in the empire. True or False? |
False, No concept of citizenship. Often retained own language and culture under Inca rule |
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When did Huayna Capac die? |
January 1528 |
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When was the Inca civil war fought? |
May 1531-May 1532 |
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What were the fundamental factors that contributed to the collapse of the Inca empire? 5.) |
a.) Law of split inheritance-Limited growth b.) No firm succession rule-led to conflict c.) Centralized authority in one individual d.) Civil war e.) Lack of national identity |
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Attributing the collapse of the Inca Empire is primarily to European invaders with superior technology, cavalry, and tougher immune systems is an example of: |
culture bound ethnocentrism -looking at something from only the perspective of your culture and interpreting it only based on that. |