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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Psychology
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The science of behavior and mental processes
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Nature vs. Nurture Issue
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The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions of genes and experiance to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
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Basic Research
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Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
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Applied research
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Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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Clinical Psychology
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A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
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Psychiatry
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A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example:drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy
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Critical thinking
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Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
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Hindsight bias
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The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it
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Theory
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An explaination using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
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Hypothesis
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A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
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Replication
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Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different subjects in different situations, to see whether the basic finding generalizes to other subjects and circumstances
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Case Study
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An observation technique in which one person is studies in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
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Survey
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A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them
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False Consensus effect
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The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
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Population
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All of the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study
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Random sample
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A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
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Naturalistic observation
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Observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
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Correlation
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A statistical measure that indicates the extent of which two factors vary together and thus how well either factor predicts the other
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Illusory correlation
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The perception of a relationship where none exists
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Experiment
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A research method in which the investrigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe their effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable) while controlling other relevant factors by random assignment of subjects
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Experimental condition
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The condition of an experiment that exposes subjects to the treatment (to one version of the "independent variable")
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Control condition
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The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental treatment and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
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Random Assignment
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Assigning subjects to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different group
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Independent variable
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The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
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Dependent variable
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The experimental factor- in psychology, the behavior or mental process- that is being measured; the variable that may change in response to maipulations of the independent variable
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Operational Definition
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A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables
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Placebo
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An insert substance or condition that may be administered instead of a presumed active agent, such as a drug, to see if it triggers the effects believed to characterize the active agent
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Double-blind procedure
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An experimental procedure in which both the subject and the research staff are ignorant (bllind) about whether the subject has received the treatment of a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies
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Culture
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The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
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