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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
learning |
relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience -much of what we do, we learn to do from experience |
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associative learning |
learning that certain events occur together -seeing lightning and knowing that thunder will follow |
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classical conditioning |
a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli -also called "Pavlovian Conditioning" |
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behaviorism |
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior w/o reference to mental processes -named by John B. Watson |
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unconditioned response (UCR) |
the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimuli -dog's mouth salivates when eating food |
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unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response -the food is the UCS, which makes the dog salivate |
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conditioned response (CR) |
the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus -ringing a bell when the dog receives food will eventually make the dog salivate upon just hearing the bell |
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conditioned stimulus |
the previously neutral stimulus that triggers the conditioned response -ringing a bell when the dog receives food makes the dog associate food with the bell, thus making the dog salivate upon hearing the bell |
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acquisition |
the initial stage learning of a stimulus-response relationship -the first stage in classical conditioning |
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extinction |
the diminishing of a conditioned response over time -comes back immediately |
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spontaneous recovery |
the reappearance of a conditioned response after a rest period -suggests that extinction was suppressing the CR, not eliminating it |
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generalization |
the tendency for similar stimuli to generate the same response as the conditioned stimulus -two different bell tones will still make the dog salivate |
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discrimination |
the ability to differ between stimuli -at one pitch, the bell will make the dog salivate; at another, the dog will not. |
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operant conditioning |
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer/weakened if followed by a punisher -reward/punishment system |
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respondent behavior |
behavior that happens as an automatic response to some stimulus -Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning |
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operant behavior |
behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences |
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law of effect |
rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur/punished behavior is less likely to reoccur -Edward L. Thorndike elaboration w/ B. F. Skinner |
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operant chamber |
a chamber w/ bar or key that animals try to manipulate to get a treat/reward -the "Skinner Box" |
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shaping |
reinforcers guide behavior closer to the goal -food is an example of a reinforcer |
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reinforcer |
any even that strengthens the behaviors it follows -food, reward, etc |
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primary reinforcer |
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need -food, water, shelter, love |
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conditioned reinforcer |
stimulus that gained its reinforcing power through its association w/ primary reinforcers -also known as a secondary reinforcer; money, good grades, a pleasant tone of voice |
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continuous reinforcement |
reinforcing a desired response every time it happens -dog sits, treat is given...dog sits again, treat is given again |
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partial reinforcement |
reinforcing a response only sometimes -also called intermittent reinforcement |
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fixed-ratio schedule |
a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a behavior only after a certain number of times -one enforcer per 30 responses, etc... |
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variable-ratio schedule |
a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at random number of repeated behaviors -random treats/rewards are given for behavior repeated |
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fixed-interval schedule |
a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed |
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variable-interval schedule |
a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
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punishment |
an even that decreases the behavior that it follows |
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cognitive map |
mental representation of the layout of one's environment -rats, after exploring a maze, seem to have created a cognitive map of it |
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latent learning |
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it -dog won't do trick until knowledge of treat in hand |
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overjustification effect |
the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do -person may start to do the thing just for the reward instead of the sake of doing it |
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intrinsic motivation |
a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake to be effective |
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extrinsic motivation |
a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards/threats of punishment |
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observational learning |
learning by watching others -monkey see, monkey do |
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modeling |
the process of observing and imitating a behavior -boy watches dad hit mom, boy hits sister |
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mirror neurons |
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so -enables imitation, language learning, and empathy |
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prosocial behavior |
positive, constructive, helpful behavior -opposite of anti-social |