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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Storage of lipids that represent an important energy reserve in bone occurs in areas of |
red marrow |
|
Of the five major functions of the skeleton; the two that depend on the dynamic nature of bone are |
support and storage of minerals |
|
One of the basic histological differences between compact and spongy bone is that in compact bone
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the basic functional unit is the osteon/Haversian system |
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Compact bone is usually found where |
stresses arrive from many directions |
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Spongy and cancellous bone, unlike compact bone, resembles a network of bony struts separated by spaces that are normally filled with |
lacunae |
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Spongy bone is found primarily at the |
expanded ends of long bones, where they articulate with other skeletal elements (epiphysis) |
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The basic functional unit of compact bones is the ____ |
osteon |
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The expanded region of a long bone consisting of spongy bone is called the ____ |
epiphysis |
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The ossification process first occurs in the |
diaphysis |
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Identify the correct sequence in the process of endochondral ossification |
1. chondrocytes enlarge,calcify, and then die 2. inner layer of perichondrium differentiates into osteoblasts 3. osteoblast form spongy bone at a primary center of ossification 4. bone enlarges, osteoclasts break down spongy bone, creating a narrow cavity 5. blood vessels invade epiphyses; osteoblasts form secondary centers of ossification |
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Secondary ossification center occur |
in the medullary cavity of the diaphysis |
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When sexual hormone production increases, bone growth |
accelerates rapidly |
|
Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a |
calcified model |
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Variations in body size and proportions relative to bone growth between men and women are due to |
differences in sex hormones |
|
The vitamins that play an important role in normal bone growth and maintenance are |
Ca, P, K, and Fe |
|
the process of remodeling in bone involves the |
removal and replacement of the protein and mineral components of bone |
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During bone renewal, as one osteon forms through the activity of osteoblasts, another is destroyed by |
osteoclasts |
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An important and essential way to maintain bone strength and bone mass is to |
avoid stressing the bones during exercise |
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Bones will usually heal after they have been severely damaged so long as the cellular components of the endosteum and periosteum survive and there is a(n) |
ossification center |
|
Two hormones--parathyroid hormone and calcitriol-- work together to |
elevate calcium levels in body fluids |
|
A homeostatic mechanism of the skeleton would be |
as one osteon forms thfough the activity of osteoblasts, another is destroyed by osteoclasts |
|
The nutrient essential for absorption of calcium and phosphate ions in the digestive tract is |
Vitamin D |
|
The most abundant mineral in the human body, 99% of which is deposited in the skeleton, is |
calcium |
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Bones not subjected to ordinary stresses become |
thin and brittle |
|
The hormone calcitonin functions to |
depress the level of calcium in body fluids |
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As a normal part of the aging process, bones become thinner and relatively weaker, resulting in inadequate ossification called |
osteopenia |
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The condition that produces a reduction in bone mass great enough to compromise normal function is called |
osteoporosis |
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In women, bone mass can be maintained at adequate levels to prevent fragility, weakening, and thinning by |
estrogen therapies; dietary changes that elevate blood calcium levels; exercise that stresses bones and stimulates osteoblast activity |
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The axial skeleton provides an extensive surface area for attachment of muscles that |
stabilize/position elements of the appendicular skeleton; perform respiratory movements; adjusts the positions of the head, neck, and trunk |
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bones found exclusively in the axial skeleton |
skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid |
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The axial skeleton creates a framework that supports and protects organ systems in the |
dorsal and ventral cavities |
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The bones that make up the appendicular division of the skeleton consist of |
pectoral and pelvic girdles, the upper and lower limbs |
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One of the major functional differences between the appendicular and axial divisions is that the appendicular division |
makes you an active, mobile individual |
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A composite structure that includes portions of both the appendicular and axial skeleton is the |
pelvis, pectoral girdle, pelvis girdle |
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The unique compromise of the articulations in the appendicular skeleton is |
the stronger the joint, the more restricted the range of motion |
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The bones of the skeleton provides and extensive surface area for attachment of |
muscles |
|
The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the upper and lower |
limbs |
|
The only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is the |
clavicle |
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At birth, the bones of the skull can be distorted without damage because of the |
fontanels |
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The most significant growth in the skull occurs before age 5, when the |
brain stops growing and the cranial sutures develop |
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The bones of the cranium that exclusively represent single, unpaired bones are |
occipital, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid |
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The paired bones of the cranium are the |
parietal and temporal |
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The associated bones of the skull include the |
hyoid and auditory ossicles |
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The sutures that articulate the bones of the skull are the |
lamboid, sagittal, coronal, and squamous |
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Foramina, located on the bones of the skull, serve primarily as passsageways for |
nerves and blood vessels |
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Areas of the head that are involved in the formation of the skull are called |
ossification centers |
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The sinuses or internal chambers in the skull are found in the |
sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary bones |
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The vertebrae that indirectly effect changes in the volume of the rib cage are the |
thoracic vertebrae |
|
The lumbar vertebrae are the |
most massive and least mobile |
|
Identify the sequence of the vertebrae from superior to inferior |
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx |
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The atlas and axis are vertebrae identified as |
C1 and C2 |
|
Gaps that permit the passage of nerves running to or form the enclosed spinal cord are called |
intervertebral foramina |
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The vertebral column contains _____ cervical vertebrae, _____ thoracic vertebrae, and _____ lumbar vertebrae |
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar |
|
Cervical vertebrae can usually be distinguished from other vertebrae by the presence of |
transverse foramina |
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The odontoid process is found in the |
axis |
|
Costal processes are located on the ____ vertebrae |
thoracic |
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Thoracic vertebrae can be distinguished from other vertebrae by the presence of |
facets for the articulation of ribs |
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An attachment site for a muscle that closes the anal opening is the primary purpose of the |
coccyx |
|
The vertebra that holds up the head and articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull is the |
atlas |
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The vertebrae that stabilize relative positions of the brain and spinal cord are the _____ vertebrae |
cervical |
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The bones of the pectoral girdle include |
clavicles and scapula |
|
The primary function of the pectoral girdle is to |
position the shoulder joint and provide a base for arm movement |
|
The bones of the pelvic girdle include |
ilium, pubis, ischium |
|
The heavy bones and the strong, stable joints of the pelvic girdle |
bear the weight of the body |
|
The primary type of tissue responsible for stabilizing, positioning, and bracing the pectoral girdle are |
muscles |
|
The large process on the scapula that articulates with the distal end of the clavicle is the |
coracoid process |
|
At the glenoid cavity, the scapula articulates with the proximal end of the humerus to form the |
shoulder joint |
|
The parallel bones that support the forearm are the |
ulna and radius |
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The pubic symphysis is the articulation that |
limits movement between the two pubic bones |
|
The bone that articulates with the coxa at the acetabulum is the |
femur |
|
The longest and heaviest bone in the body is the |
femur |
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Compared to the pelvis of males, the pelvis of females is |
broad, light, and smooth |
|
The eight carpal bones represent the bones of the |
wrist |
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The bones of the foot are called the |
tarsals |
|
The anatomical name for the heel bone is the |
calcaneous |
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The bones of the fingers and toes are collectively referred to as |
phalanges |
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The only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is the |
clavicle |
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The pelvic girdle consists of six bones referred to as the |
oscoxae |
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The ulna and radius both have long shafts that contain like processes called _____ processes |
styloid |
|
The process that the tibia and fibula have in common that acts as a shield for the ankle is the |
maliolysis |
|
At the hip joint on either side, the head of the femur articulates with the |
acetabulum |
|
The popliteal ligaments are responsible for reinforcing the back of the |
patella |
|
an enlarged pelvic outlet in the female is an adaption for |
child birth |
|
The bone that cannot resist strong forces but provides the only fixed support for the pectoral girdle is the |
clavicle |
|
The thin lateral bone of the lower leg is the |
fibula |
|
The two types of joints that reflect the type of connective tissue binding them together are |
fibrous and cartilaginous |
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Sutures, gomphoses, synchondroses, and synarthroses are terms used to identify |
fibrous joints |
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The freely movable joints typically found at the ends of long bones are called |
diarthroses or synovial joints |
|
The joint that permits greatest range of motion of any joint in the body is the |
glenohumeral / shoulder |
|
The joint that is correctly matched with the type of joint indicated is |
knee -- synovial |
|
The synovial fluid that fills a cavity |
nourishes the chondrocytes, provides lubrication, acts as a shock absorber |
|
The primary function(s) of menisci in synovial joints is(are) to |
subdivide a synovial cavity; channel flow of synovial fluid; and allow for variations in the shapes of articular surfaces |
|
A synathrotic joint found only between the bones of the skull is a |
suture |
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A totally rigid immovable joint resulting from fusion of bones is a |
sysnostosis |
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The amphiarthrotic joint where bones are separated by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage is a |
symphysis |
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Diarthrotic joints permit a wide range of motion are called _____ joints |
synovial |
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The extremely stable synovial joint that is almost completely enclosed in a bony socket is the ____ joint |
hip |
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The joint that resembles three separate joints with no single unified capsule or common synovial cavity is the _____ joint |
knee |
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The radial collateral, annular, and ulnar collateral ligaments provide stability for the ____ joint |
elbow |
|
Flexion is movement in the anterior-posterior plane that |
reduces the angle between the articulating elements |
|
The movement that allows you to gaze at the ceiling is |
hyperextension |
|
Movements of the vertebral column are limited to |
flexion and extension |
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The opposing movement of pronation, in which the palm is turned forward, is called |
supination |
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A movement toward the midline of the body is called |
adduction |
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The movement of the thumb that allows for grasping is |
opposition |
|
Twiddling your thumbs during a lecture demonstrates the action that occurs at a |
saddle joint |
|
Contraction of the biceps brachii muscle produces |
supination of the forearm and flexion of the elbow |
|
Movements such as dorsiflexion and plantar flexion involve moving the |
foot |
|
To do a lateral split, the initial movement of the legs is |
abduction |
|
The elbow joint is quite stable because |
the bony surfaces of the humerus and the ulna lock |
|
In the hip joint, the arrangement that keeps the head of the femur from moving away from the acetabulum is the |
articular capsule enclosing the femoral head and neck |
|
The knee joint functions as a ____ joint |
hinge |
|
The reason the points of contact in the knee are constantly changing is |
the rounded femoral condyles roll across the top of the tibia |
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The special movement of the thumb that enables it to grasp and hold a object is |
opposition |
|
The function(s) of the intervertebral disc is/are to |
act as shock absorbers; prevent bone-to-bone contact; allow for flexion and rotation of the vertebral column |