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375 Cards in this Set
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Perestroika
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economic restructing proposed by Gorbachev; failed
permitted freer prices, more independent state enterprises, and personal services. (in the Soviet Union) |
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Glasnost
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"Openness"
Chernobyl accident Unheard of meadia openness; government became more open (in the Soviet Union) |
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"Euro" Currency
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Currency put into place in 1993 by the European Union
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Slobodan Milosevic
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Dictator of Yugoslavia
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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(1931-present)
Caucasusian Soviet leader who's reforms led to the U.S.S.R. Era of reform; was trying to save the Soviet Union, not dissolve it. Lawyer turned politican; idealist. |
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Boris Yeltsin
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Popularly elected president of the Russian Federation; rallied for the return of Gorbachev. Declared Russia independent and withdrew from the Soviet Union.
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Lech Walesa
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(1943-current)
Leader of Solidarity; elected leader of Poland after fall of Communism |
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Bill Clinton
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Ran for president of the United States in 1992; promised lower income taxes, higher for top 1%, and low budget deficits
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Helmut Kohl
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West German leader, pro-American. Allowed West Germany and U.S. to coordinate military policy toward Soviet bloc
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Francois Mitterand
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Elected as presdient of France in 1981; led Socialist party and communist allies too; vast program of nationalism and public investment ment to "spend" France out of economic stagnation; failed. Austerity put in palce; kicked out in 1993
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OPEC
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"Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries"
Controlled most Arab and non-Arab coutnry's oil-prices, united front. Responsible for oil shocks and economic distrubance on the international level |
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feminists
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caused and crucaded for many "sexist" situation reforms
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Oil Shock
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left economic "ruin" for many nations; caused by OPEC
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Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944
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World leaders laid the foundations for a new international monetary system; proved instrumental in the unprecedented post-war boom
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International Monetary Fund and World Bank
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based off of American dollars/gold. "run on the bank" 35 bucks for 1 oz.of gold. inflation, unsetting of set pricing; selling of U.S. gold stopped by Nixon
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Richard Nixon
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Watergate scandal; designed American led framework of reducing East-West tension in early '70s to prevent Brandt from underminding US influence in Western Europe and the strength of NATO; withdrew from Vietnam; detente.
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American gold
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used as the base of World Bank and international monetary fund
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Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty of 1979
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Egypt reconginized Israel's right to exist and established normal diplomatic relations, while Israel agreed to withdrawl from Egyptian territory that was occupied in the six-day war
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Anwar (al-)Sadat
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(1918-1981)
Successor to Nasser, Yom Kippur War enhanced his power; enabled Sadat to achieve negotiated settlement with Israel. |
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Jimmy Carter
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"misery index," tried to lead AA beyond verbal conmnation of Soviet Union; launched military build up
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Menachem Begin
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Israeli Prime Minister; aggreed to Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty in 1979
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Nasser
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President of Egypt; argued Arab coutnries should find a way to push up low oil prices in order to incrase their revenues and also strike at Israel and its Western allies, due to Egypt's lack of oil his plan failed
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Yom Kippur War
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4th Arab-Israeli war in October of 1973. led to peace between the two nations
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Misery Index
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first used by Jimmy Carter; combined rate of inflation and unemployment in a single number
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Common Market
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European coutnries created a large unified market; stimulated economy and large European unity
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Big Science
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Nuclear science and other studies; CERN, etc.
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CERN
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Nuclear research lab in Europe; atomic physics lab
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Margaret Thatcher
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Came to power in Britain in 1979. Some success in slowing government spending and privatizing govnerment property and businesses; strong advicate of the Atlantic Alliance
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Ronald Reagan
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Military build-ups; helped end Communism; cut income tax across the board; failed to cut government spending; large national debt
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The Second Sex
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written in 1949 by French writer and philosopher Simone de Beauvoir. Spoke of the "oppression" of women
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Healthy life styles in the late 20th century
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less money available to spend on healthcare resulted in
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Atlantic Alliance
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Alliance between the US, UK, France, Italy, and West Germany designed to lower East-West tensions and have economic sanctions against the Soviet Union
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NOW
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"National Organization of Women"
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The Feminine Mystique
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written by Betty Friedun, "problem that has no name."
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Betty Friedan
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leader of US women's movement; stressed group action; "the problem with no name;" identity crisis; formed the National Organization of Women in 1966
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Jean-Paul Sartre
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philiosopher and friend of Simone de Beauvoir
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Simone de Beauvoir
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French writer and philosopher; spoke agaigst sexism; emphizied French individualism
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East-West Tensions
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west= freedom
east= communsim no likey each other |
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Willy Brandt
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(1913-1992)
West German chancellor, polish treaty of reconciliation aimed for comprehensive peace for central europe and a new anser to the "German Question" Bought allies |
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Poland-West Germany Treat of 1970
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Brandt signed to form comprehensive peace in Central Europe
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Detente
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the progressive relaxation of cold war tensions world wide
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NATO
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"North Atlantic Trade Oranizaton;" miliatry and political aid
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Warsaw Pact
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pact between the Soviet Union and its sattilites
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Olympe de Gouges
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demanded the Rights of women be respected; pioneering feminist leader
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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demanded the rights of women be respected; pioneering feminist leader
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Peter Abelard
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man who perceived himself as a unique and produced autobiographic statement
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railroads and Aborigines (Australia)
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Europeans collected interest and also enabled white settlers to buy European rails and locomotives, developed sources of cheap wheat, and opened still more territory for European settlement. Hurt the Australian aborigines, who were decimated by the diseases, liquor, and weapons of an aggressively expanding Western society.
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Abortion
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First, Early medieval penitentials and church councils had legislated against abortion; Second, the women’s movement concentrated legalized abortion
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Absenteeism of clergy
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one person being in control of several religious offices, but not attending to them, church more concerned with moral and administrative reform.
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Absolutism
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sovereignty is embodied in the person of the ruler. Ruled by claims of divine right; had to respect the fundamental laws of the land. Regulated religious sects; abolished liberties held by different groups. Got nobility
in Western Europe |
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Baroque
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the art in which Louis XIV of France glorified the nobles power and magnificence; especially in architecture
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Abstract painting
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paintings of real objects, but artist is more concerned with the arrangement of color, line, and form as an end in itself.
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Act for the Submission of the Clergy
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required churchmen to submit to the king and forbade the publication of ecclesiastical laws without royal permission
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Act in Restraint of Appeals
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Declared the king to be the supreme sovereign in England and forbade judicial appeals to the papacy, thus establishing the Crown as the highest legal authority in the land.
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John Adams
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“A Parliament of Great Britain can have no more rights to tax the colonies than a Parliament of Paris.”
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Konrad Adenauer
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the former mayor of Cologne and a long-time anti-Nazi; held successful democratic rule in West Germany’s government, making the Christian Democrats W.G.’s majority party.
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An Admonition to Peace (Luther)
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blasted the lords in writing and siding with the peasants in order to prevent rebellion, trying to stop it, it didn’t work
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Adrian VI (Pope)
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Dutch pope, tried desperately to reform the church and to check the spread of Protestantism
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black slave trade
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used to replace American and Caribbean natives who died under Columbus’ hand; used to harvest sugar cane, cotton, and other such manual labor
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Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of the Peasants (Luther)
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prompted the lords to crush down the peasant revolts that had occurred due to misinterpretation of his words and writing
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Alfonso de Albuquerque
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governor of India; laid foundation for Portuguese imperialism
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Jean le Rond d’Alembert
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edited encyclopedia
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Alexander VI (Pope)
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had a mistress and children
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Anabaptists
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to baptize again; believed only adults could choose about spiritual practices; religious freedom; freedom to practice more than one religion; receiving of inner light
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Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (Luther)
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told the nobility that they had to destroy papal power or reform would be impossible
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Audiencia
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12-15 men on a council who were advisors to the
viceroy and judges; reported directly to the viceroy |
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Anabaptists
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“To baptize again,” believed only adults could choose about spiritual practices; exercised religious freedom; freedom to practice more than one religion; believed in “receiving an inner light.”
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Renaissance
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the cultural achievements of the 14th – 16th century people. Rest on the economic and political developments of earlier centuries
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Oligarchy
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many rulers; rule of merchant aristocracies
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signori
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despots, or one-man rulers
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communes
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sworn associations of free men seeking complete political and economic independence from local nobles
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popolo
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Republican middle class; disenfranchised and heavily taxed; bitterly resented their exclusion from power; wanted places in the communal government and equality of taxation. Used armed forces and violence to take over the city government
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reconquista
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attempts of the northern Christian kingdoms to control the entire peninsula. Effort to religiously persecute non-Christians; Jews and Muslims driven out, converted, or killed in Spain
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humanism
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literary culture needed by anyone who would be considered educated and civilized
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secularism
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involves a basic concern with the material world instead of with the eternal world of spirits
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Spanish converses
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Jews who were lead to convert because of the Anti-Semitic riots and programs in the late 14th century through the mid 15th centuries; many held high positions in Spanish society as financiers, physicians, merchants, tax collectors, and even officials of the church hierarchy
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individualism
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distinctive personalities who gloried in their uniqueness. They stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and the fullest development of capabilities and talents. Talents should be stretched until fully realized
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materialism
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focus on non-spiritual items and objects
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hermandades
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“brotherhoods” which were popular groups in the towns given the authority to act both as local police forces and as judicial tribunals
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Machiavellian
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synonym for the politically devious, corrupt, and crafty; indicating actions in which the end justifies the means
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Jan Hus
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N/A
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English Royal Council and Court of Star chamber
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English Royal Council :: put “minor nobility/middle class” in more powerful position. Few nobles were placed in the council.
Court of Star chamber :: where nobles were judged away from where they lived in order for rulings to be less corrupt; fur collar crimes |
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conquest of Granada
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(6 January 1492) signaled the end of eight centuries of Spanish struggle against the Arabs in southern Spain and the conclusion of the reconquista
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Habsburg-Valois wars
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(1522) series of conflicts began; battlefield was often Italy
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Brunelleschi’s Foundling Hospital in Florence
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developed to help slow the killing and abandoning of children
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Pico della Mirandola
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Diversity of Man, “man created in god’s image;” no limit to what man can do
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Desiderius Erasmus
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Dutch humanist; orphaned and forced to enter monastery; education is a means to reform; Christianity is not formalism, special ceremonies, or law; Christ is Christianity
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Jan van Eyck
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artist; used oil paints; realism and remarkable attention to human personality
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Thomas More
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Utopia, perfect world; would be killed for his thoughts and beliefs
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Donatello
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Sculptor with the most influence in Florentine before Michelangelo
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Baldassare Castiglione
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The Courtier, ultimate gentle man
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Niccolo Machiavelli
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The Prince, the end justifies the means
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Johan Gutenberg
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one of the inventors of the printing press; movable type
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Lefevre d’Etaples
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French priest; of the first to attempt to apply humanistic learning to religious problems; believed that religious knowledge was the road to reform; created an edition of the Psalms and a momentary on Saint Paul’s epistles
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Saint John Chrysostom
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sexist towards women and preached against homosexuality. Preached against anyone who believed differently than Catholics, mostly the Jews; ignored the facts that the Romans killed Christ and Christ had forgiven his executioners from the cross
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Lorenzo Valla
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On Pleasure, humanist who defended the pleasures of the senses as the highest good. Study on On the False Donation of Constantine, has been praised and demonstrated that the text letting the papacy claim jurisdiction over vast territories in the western Europe was fake. This weakened the foundations of papal claims to temporal authority. His work exemplifies the application of critical scholarship to old and almost-sacred writings as well as the new secular spirit of the Renaissance
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Savonarola
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Dominican friar who had predicted the French invasion at Florence. He attacked what he considered the paganism and moral vice of the city during 1491-1494, the undemocratic government of Lorenzo de’ Medici and the corruption of Pope Alexander. Had popular support for a time from ordinary people; became the religious leader of Florence and contributed to the fall of the Medici. Excommunicate by the pope and executed because of his moral denunciations. Common people did not share the worldly outlook of the commercial and intellectual elite. Career illustrates the internal instability of the Italian cities and instability that invited foreign invasion
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Jerome Bosch
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(pg 426-427 & 445)
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Francois Rabelais
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(pg 425)
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Cesare Borgia
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(pg 406)
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The German Peasants’ Revolt of 1525
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75,000 peasants killed by nobility when they wrongly interpreted Luther’s words, “A Christian man is the most free lord of all and subject to none.” They thought free was freedom from their lords, Luther meant freedom to worship god
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Pluralism
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one person taking over many jobs; sold to the highest bidder. This led to absenteeism for one man can’t control several areas all at once. At least not effectively; many were not even priests to begin with
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Brethren of the Common Life
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Lived in stark simplicity and carried out daily Gspel teachings; feed the hungry, cloth the naked, and visit the sick; taught in local schools to prepare devout candidates for the priesthood and monastic life. Personal, inner experience was what they believed religion was
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John Knox
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(1560-1567) dominated the movement for reform in Scotland. Studied and worked with Clavin; established Presbyterian church, Book of Common Order
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Ulrich Zwingli
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(1484-1531) humanist of Zurich, influenced by Luther; stimulated reforms in Zurich, a Swiss city, and Bern
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Archbishop Crammer
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(pg 463)
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John Tetzel
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Dominican friar; told to sell indulgences; hired by Archbishop Albert. “As soon as coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs”
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Martin Luther
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German Augustmia friar launched the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century. A miner’s son who became a professor of theology; he would be blamed for the German Peasants’ Revolt, as well as dividing the church and much of Europe; believed that salvation could only be obtained by faith
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Transubstantiation/ consubstantiation
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transubstantiation :: (pg 447 & 467)
consubstantiation :: (pg 447) |
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Council of Trent
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meetings between 1545 and 1563. Reform of the church and secure reconciliation with protestants was the goal; laid a solid basis for spiritual renewal of the church and enforcement of correction
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Holy Office
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Made by Pope Paul III; sought out heretics; power through out the Papal States
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Elizabethan Settlement
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outward conformity to the church of England and making uniform all ceremonies
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Benefices
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high positions in the Catholic Church
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Peace of Augsburg
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(1555) Charles V agrees to officially recognize Lutheranism; Princes were allowed to choose which religion/religions of his territory
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Ninety-five Theses
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(31 October 1517) Church at Whittenber Castle; by Luther
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preacherships
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(pg ?)
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The Imitation of Christ
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by Thomas A. Kempis; written in Latin for monks and priests; urges Christians to model after Christ and seek perfection
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The Institutes of the Christian Religion
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(1536 & 1559) Absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of god; humans were weak; by Calvin
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Roman Catholicism
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followed pope, corrupt, etc
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Lutheranism
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“Protestant” officially formulated in the Confession of Augsburg in 1530; Generally meant all non-Catholic Christians
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Calvinism
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god all powerful; humans suck
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Church of England
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King Henry VIII wanted a divorce; made himself head of the new church; people fined if they did not attend the church services
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Presbyterian Church of Scotland
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governed by presbyters/ministers, not bishops; strictly Calvinist in doctrine, simple, dignified service of worship and great emphasis on preaching
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French politiques
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small group of Catholic moderators who believed that only the restoration of a strong monarchy could reverse the trend towards collapse; they would be what ultimately saved France; that no religious creed was worth the instability of the country; favored accepting Huguenots as an officially recognized and organized group; helped to create and path the way for Henry of Navarre; a politiques, who later became Henry IV
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Mercantilism
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a collection of governmental policies for the regulation of economic activities, especially of colonies, to benefit the crown
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Inflation
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(pg 390, 487, & 503)
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Ariosto
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Italian poet who stated that gunpowder was a coward’s weapon
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Amerigo Vespucci
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new world was named after him
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Mundus Novous
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Vespucci; New world (Latin)
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Huguenots
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Calvinists in France
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Michel de Montaigne
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skeptic who wrote essays
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Christopher Columbus
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Tried to sail to India and hit North America; imprisoned by Spain and later released; made four trips to the new world; Genocide?; Genoese mariner; “San Salvador”
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Bartholomew Diaz
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Sailed to the Cape of Good Hope (1487) had to turn back because of storms and threat of mutiny; later would set up trading posts in India with Cabral
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Hernando Cortez
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“I have come to win gold, not to plow fields like a peasant.” Mexico City, capital of New Spain; conquered the Aztecs with only 600 men
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Habsburg-Valois Wars
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ended by the Treaty of Cateau-Camrbesis
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Quinto
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20% of all metals mined in the New World went to the Spanish crown
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Audiencia
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12-15 men on a council who were advisors to the viceroy and judges; reported directly to the viceroy
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Corregidores
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local lords who held judicial and military powers; Spanish
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Thirty Years’ War
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Phase I [Bohemia] and Phase II [Danish] Catholics won; Phase III and Phase IV Protestants win with the help of France and Sweden; not to mention the English
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Defeat of the Spanish Armada
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Decay of Spain; 65 of 130 ships returned; bad navigation and weather; excellent English navy
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Concordat of Bologna
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(1516) Pope head of the church but Francis I could still choose clergy in France; Catholicism official religion; Calvinism became more appealing because of church corruption
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Peace of Westphalia
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(1648) No unification of the Holy Roman Empire [HRE]; Pope had to stay out of HRE religious business; France and Sweden granted land in the HRE; ended religious wars for the time being
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Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre
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Result of religious and political unrest; also the marriage of Margaret de Valois and Henry of Navarre
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War of the Three Henrys
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King Henry II, Catholic and fights to remain in power; Henry of Navarre, Protestant, fights for political and religious reasons; Henry of Guise, Catholic, fights for political reasons (pg 493)
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Edict of Nantes
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allowed Protestants to practice religion in 200 fortified forts and gave them the right to defend themselves; Catholicism made the official religion of France
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Ogier Gheselin de Busbecq
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16th century diplomat; “religion provides the pretext, and gold the motive”
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John Cabot
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Newfoundland; New England to Delaware
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Jacques Cartier
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St. Lawrence region of Canada
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Francisco Pizarro
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crushed Inca empire in Peru; found silver mine; wealth for Spain and Spanish crown
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Treaty of Cateau
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ended the Habsburg-Valois wars; France had to acknowledge Spainish dominance in Italy
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Bourse-exchange
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(pg 487)
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Vasco da Gavna
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(1497-1499) Portuguese; reached India and returned loaded with samples of Indian wares; set up trading posts in India
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Pedro Alvares Cabral
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set up trading posts in India with Diaz
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Fernandez de Oviedos
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General History of the Indies
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Venetian Marco Polo
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Book of Various Experiences; monopoly of spice trade in western Europe
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Sovereignty
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no system of courts competes with state courts in the delivery of justice; private armies present no threat to royal authority because of the stronger state army’ royal laws touched all people in the country; local lords no longer ruled the areas
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Totalitarianism
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seeks to direct all facets of a state’s culture in the interest of the state
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Absolutism
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sovereignty is embodied in the person of the ruler; ruled by claims of divine right; had to respect the fundamental laws of the land’ regulated religious sects’ ablolished liberties held by different groups; got nobility?
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Constiutionalsim
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limitation of government by law
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Cabinet government
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leading ministers formulate common policy and conduct business of the country; ministers must have seats in the House of Commons and have a majority of support from the House of Commons
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French classicism
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principles of absolutism modeled French classicism; was represent of noble actions in a logical and orderly, but non-realistic, way
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Quixotic
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“idealistic but impractical”
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Commonwealth
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republican form of government
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Buregucracios
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composed of career officials appointed and solely accountable to the king
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Thomas Becket
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reaped profit from public office and position
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Thomas Wolsey
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reaped profit from public office and position
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The French intendants
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Ran the 32 districts set up by Cardinal Richelieu
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Sully :: Maxiamillion de Bethure
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duke of Sully; great minister to Henry IV; laid foundation for French absolutism; financial genius; reduced royal debt and built up the treasury; revived the paulette; assigned specific expenses; over-sea trade- subsidized the Company of Trade for trade with the Indies; countrywide highway systems; dreamed of international peace
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Paulette
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annual tax revived by Sully; tax on people who purchased judical and financial offices and were not allowed to be taxed in those offices by normal taxes
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Fronde
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anyone who did not support the government; many were to be killed
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Ruled in the name of Louis XIII for 18 years; set up the 32 districs of France; ran the Royal Court; became the first minister before his death; tried to make the king of France the absolute power in France; spread absolutism in France
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Richelieu’s generalites
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32 districts governed by intendents
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The French Academy
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school started by Richelieu and made a dictionary that standardized French
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Versailles
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where Louis XIV made the nobility of France stay for part of the at least; allowed him to keep an eye on the nobility
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Moliere
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theater stage name of Jean-Baptiste Poquelin; plays that exposed hypocrisies and follies of society; comedies
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Racine
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Jean Racine; analyzed power of love; plays involving good vs. evil ; power of passion in women; simplicity of language; symmetrical structure; calm restraint; tragedies
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Poussin
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Nicholas Poussin; considered finest example of French classical paintings
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Count-Duke of Olivares
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able administrator; left to manage Philip IV’s several kingdoms ; devised new sources of revenue; thought Spain could be solved by going to imperial traditions; 30 year war; empty treasury
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Dutch Estates General
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handled matters of foreign policy; such as wars
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Dutch East India Company
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founded by regants of Holland as a joint stock company; investors receiving money % of money put in; cut into Portuguese trading in East Asia, Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, and Malacdca; brought Ducth prodigious wealth; highest standard of living; 35% after 28 years
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Peace of Utrecht
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made between the grand alliance [English, Dutch, Austrians, and Prussians who untied to keep France from gaining toomuch power] and French and Spain; the French and Spanish crowns could never be one; England gained Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the Hudson Bay territory; England gained Gibraltar, Minorca, and control of the African slave trade; Austria gained former Spanish Netherlands; set limits on power able to be gained; balance of power; completed decline of Spain; expanded the British empire; prepared Europe for alliances against France in later times
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Grand alliance
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English, Dutch, Austrians, and Prussians to insure the balance of power in Europe and to keep France equal with everyone else
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Cabal of Charles II
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(pg 547)
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Serfdom
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peasants who belonged to the land and the lord; mostly unpaid, forced laborers
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Prussian Junkers
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Nobility and landowning classes who dominated the Estates of Brandenburg and Prussia
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Hohenzollern
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Prussian family leaders. Ruled electorate of Brandenburg, but had little real power. Largest land owners in landlord society. Consolidated absolutist rule after 30 Years’ War
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Kholops
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people slaves to prince. Russia. Time of Troubles
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Romanov
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Anastasia, wife of Ivan Terrible. Michael Romanov, grandnephew of Ivan IV, elected tsar by nobles and reestablished tsarist autocracy. Romanovs brought about total enserfment of people, while military obligations on nobility were relaxed considerably
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Boyar
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nobles of Russia. Struggled with tsars over control of Russia. Tsars won and boyars were turned into service nobility. Held tsar’s land on condition of serving in his army. Powers reduced by Ivan the Terrible. Many murdered by him. Elected Michael Romanov to end Time of Troubles. Military requirement relaxed under Michael Romanov. Forced to serve for life under Peter the Great. Forced to attend schools to train for army for five years
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Habsburgs
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Austrian leaders turn inward and eastward to unify their holdings. Replaced Bohemian Czech nobility with their own warriors. Eastward turn made them enter war with Turks over Hungary and Transylvania. Defeated them with help from Protestant nobles in Hungary and France. Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary became Habsburg possessions and fragile unity
|
|
Mongols
|
Conquered Russia before brought down after Genghis’ death. Ruled 200 years. Unified E. Slavs. Used Russian aristocrats as servants and tax collectors
|
|
Pragmatic Sanction
|
Charles VI. Austria. Bohemia, Austria, and Hungary should never be divided, and throne might be given to a female
|
|
Cossacks
|
peasants who fled Ivan the Terrible’ s rule and fled to newly conquered territories. Caused Ivan the Terrible to turn to serfdom and high taxes to prevent formation of more Cossacks
|
|
Prince Francis Rakoczy
|
Hungarian. Revolted against Habsburg rule for privileges. Protestant. Had powerful allies in Turkey. Attached to national ideal. Rose up during war of Spanish Succession. Allowed privileges for accepted rule
|
|
Suleiman the Magnificent
|
King of Ottoman Turks. Most powerful empire in the world, including part of central Europe. Foes of Catholic Habsburgs. Apostles of Islam. Sultan was absolute head of state
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|
Jenghiz Khan
|
Commanded Mongol army, or Golden Horde. Slaughtered and burned cities in Russia
|
|
Ivan the Terrible
|
autocratic tsar who expanded Muscovy and further reduced the power of the boyars. Married Anastasia of Romanov family. All nobles had to serve in army to hold any land. Added vast land to Russia. Murdered leading boyars and confiscated their estates. Left Russia depopulated. Made many peasants leave rule to newly conquered territories. Turned to serfdom to prevent Cossacks, and taxed heavily. Middle class did not develop as businessmen and artisans were tied to their jobs and towns. Had a secret police that killed boyars
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|
Great Prince Iaroslav the Wise
|
Russian. Converted E. Slavs to Greek Christianity. Political unification of Slav territories. Single prince and single dynasty. Feudal division
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|
Ivan III
|
acquired territory around Moscow, including Novgorad. Stopped acknowledging Mongol Khan as supreme ruler and assumed headship of Orthodox Christianity
|
|
Peter the Great
|
Russian tsar reformer. Forced nobles to serve in army for life. Made schools and universities. Conquered Azov and toured Western Europe. Warred against Sweden and won the Great Northern War. Reformed army and forced nobility to serve in bureaucracy for life. Expanded army with more peasants. Required nobles to attend school for five years. Peasant life made harsher. Taxes increased. People replaced land as unit of taxation. Serfs assigned to work in mines and factories. Made Russia become a European Great Power. Borrowed many Western ideas. Baroque style
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Ivan Bolotnikov
|
Cossack who believed Russia needed a tsar. Killed nobles and officials during Time of Troubles
|
|
Bartolomeo Rastrelli
|
Italian architect. Worked with tsarina Elizabeth of Russia, who was daughter of Peter the Great. Crowned city with great palaces
|
|
Builing of the Winter Palace of St. Petersburg
|
Russia by Peter the Great. Tie between architecture, politics, and urban development. Made a city for himself to rule Russia from. Modern and baroque. Paid by Russian nobility and built by peasants. Broad, straight avenues. Houses in uniform lines. Parks, canals, streetlights. Each social group was to live in specific section
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|
Siege of Vienna 1683
|
Ottomans attempt to take Vienna, Austria, but turned back and Habsburgs were able to take from them Transylvania and Hungary. Made through support of Protestant nobles of Hungary and Louis XIV of France
|
|
War of the Austrian Succession
|
Maria Theresa of Austria against Prussia’s Frederick. Forced to cede almost all of Silesia to Prussia, letting Prussia double population to six million. Made Prussia a European Great Power
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|
Time of Troubles
|
period characterized by internal struggles and invasions of Russia, when Ivan IV’s son died. No heir, as relatives of tsar fought against each other. Swedish and Polish armies invaded. Cossack bands, led by Ivan Bolotnikov, slaughtered many nobles and officials
|
|
Battle of Poltava
|
Peter the Great of Russia wins against Sweden in Great Northern War at this decisive battle. Gained control of Baltic Sea
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|
Copernican hypothesis
|
heliocentric, circular paths. Polish clergyman and astronomer. Claimed that earth revolved around sun and sun was at center of universe. Created doubts about traditional Christianity. Stars at rest. Huge universe. Earth just another planet Destroyed Aristotelian physics. Attacks from Protestants, Lutherans and Calvinists, and later Catholic Church
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|
Law of inertia
|
Developed by Italian astronomer Galileo. Object in motion remains in motion unless acted upon by an outside force
|
|
Aristotelian world-view
|
Greek philosopher. 4th century BC. Motionless earth at center of universe surrounded by 10 crystal spheres: moon, sun, five planets, stars. Angels pushed them around. Beyond spheres was heaven. Christian way of thinking because it set humans as center of universe and provided a place for God. Science primarily branch of theology then. Light, Air, and Fire went upwards, while Water and Earth were downwards. Quintessence view
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Empirical method
|
English Bacon. Experimental research. Combined with deductive reasoning to make scientific method
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|
Deductive reasoning
|
French Descartes. Mathematical rationalism. Combined with empirical method to form scientific method
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|
Rationalism
|
logical thought processes
|
|
General will
|
people’s wants
|
|
Tabula rasa
|
blank slate. Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Made by English Locke. All ideas derived from experience. Against Descartes, who believed everyone was born with certain traits
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|
Parlement of Paris
|
13 judges court in France. Defenders of liberty. Won to decisive victories against taxation in France. Abolished by Louis XV. Louis XVI reinstated but bad decision as country went into financial and political crisis
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|
Enlighenment
|
Secular. Urban middle classes. Aristocracy. Poor resented attack on traditional beliefs. Intellectual and cultural movement that tied together certain key ideas and was the link between scientific revolution and new world-view. Natural science and reason can explain all aspects of life. Not faith. The scientific method can explain the laws of human society and those of nature. Social science. Progress- the creation of better societies and better people- is possible. Western Europe
|
|
Enlightened absolutism
|
Benevolent absolutism needed to improve society according to philosophes. French. Rulers sought their advice. Philosophes distrusted masses and believed change had to come from above. Most influential turned out to be Prussia, Austria, and Russia
|
|
Philosophes
|
French philosophers. Brought Enlightenment ideas to the ignorant people and brought the enlightenment to its highest stage of development in France. Committed to bringing new thinking to the public, but not necessarily the masses. Public = upper and middle classes. People = poor. Poor were superstitious and confused while lacking money and leisure to care. Philosophes used satire and double meanings to spread messages to public in plays, histories, novels, dictionaries, and encyclopedias
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|
Diderot
|
Edited encyclopedia with D’Alembert. French philosophe. Examined all of human knowledge and attempted to teach people how to think critically and rationally. 17 volumes
|
|
Bayle
|
open mindedness. Everything can be doubted. Skeptic. French Huguenot. Hated Louis XIV and went Dutch. Historical and Critical Dictionary
|
|
Kepler
|
Used math equations to prove theories. Assistant to Brahe. German noble. Made three laws of planetary motion that proved relationships among planets in sun-centered universe. Lutheran. Extensive math skills. Elliptical orbits. No uniform planet speed. Time to complete an orbit has to do with distance from the sun
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|
Galileo
|
Italian astronomer. Discovered the laws of motion using experimental method, which was the cornerstone of modern science. Nobleman. Knew mathematics. Came up with inertia, which is that an object in motion unless acted on by outside force. Believed in Copernican theory. Employed by Medici family in Florence. Tried by Inquisition for heresy and made to recant his views. Made Two New Sciences and Siderus Nuneius. Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World
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|
Bacon
|
English politician and writer. Advocated empirical, experimental research. Said knowledge would make people rich and nations powerful
|
|
Descartes
|
French. Dutch. Stressed mathematics and deductive reasoning. Related geometry and algebra. Cartesian Dualism. Matter and mind. Believed all people were born with certain traits. Against English Locke
|
|
D’Holbach
|
German enlightened writer. Humans completely controlled by outside forces. Atheism. System of Nature
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|
Newton
|
Lower English gentry. Alchemist. Made synthesis: single explanatory system comprehended motion on Earth and skies. Wrote Principia: integrated astronomy of Copernicus and Kepler with physics of Galileo. Formulated set of math laws to explain motion and mechanics. Law of universal Gravitation: every body attracts every other body in precise mathematical relation. Force of attraction is proportional to mass and inverse to square of distance between. Explained universe through mathematics
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|
Montesquieu
|
French philosophe. Theory of separation of powers was extremely influential. The Persian Letters. The Spirit of Laws
|
|
Voltaire
|
French philosophe. Challenged traditional Catholic theology and exhibited a characteristic philosophe belief in a distant God who let human affairs take their own course. Age of Louis XIV. Dignified. Opposed legal injustice. And unequal treatment before the law. Influenced by Madame du Chatelet, scientist, but discriminated against because of her sex. Skeptical of social and economic equality. Hated religious intolerance. Wanted good monarch. People shouldn’t govern selves. Believed in rights of law
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|
Copernicus
|
Polish clergyman and astronomer claimed that earth revolved around sun and sun was at center of universe. Wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres before death. Created doubts about traditional Christianity. Stars at rest. Huge universe. Earth just another planet. Destroyed Aristotelian physics. Attacked by Protestants and Catholics
|
|
Brahe
|
Danish noble. Gold and silver alloy nose. Mass of data collected. Built an observatory using King’s money. Limited math understanding
|
|
Madam du Chatelet
|
French scientist discriminated against because of her sex. Friend of French philosophe Voltaire. Translated Principia to French
|
|
Madame Geoffrin
|
French. Famous salons, or informal schools for women. Women’s rights. Enlightenment ideas. Unofficial Godmother of Encyclopedia. Corresponded with King of Sweden and Catherine the Great of Russia. Christian
|
|
On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
|
published by Polish clergyman and astronomer Copernicus. Heliocentric universe with earth orbiting sun. Published just before his death in East Prussia
|
|
Maria Theresa
|
(pg 529)
|
|
Two New Sciences
|
written by Galileo, Italian astronomer
|
|
Principia
|
English Newton wrote Principia: integrated astronomy of Copernicus and Kepler with physics of Galileo. Formulated set of math laws to explain motion and mechanics. Law of universal Gravitation: every body attracts every other body in precise mathematical relation. Force of attraction is proportional to mass and inverse to square of distance between. Explained universe through mathematics
|
|
Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds of 1686
|
Written by French Enlightened writer Fontenelle. Stressed progress. Made science witty and entertaining. Cynical of organized religion and absolute religious truth
|
|
Historical and Critical Dictionary
|
French Huguenot Bayle. Skeptic
|
|
The Spirit of the Laws
|
Montesquieu, French philosophe. Wanted separation of powers in government
|
|
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
|
English Locke insists all ideas are derived from experience- human mind at birth is like a blank tablet. Against Descartes
|
|
Encyclopedia: The Rational Dictionary of the Sciences, the Arts, and the Crafts
|
Examined all of human knowledge and attempted to teach people how to think critically and rationally. 17 volumes. Edited by D’Alembert and Diderot, French philosophes. Madame Geoffrin was unofficial Godmother of it
|
|
Economic liberalism
|
Adam Smith wanted free trade, no monopoly. Against mercantilism
|
|
Agrarian economy
|
economy depends on farmed goods being imported and exported. Very fragile as it depends on weather and drought and rainfall. Western Europe up until 1700’s
|
|
Famine foods
|
foods that were eaten in times of famine, such as grass, nuts, and undigested kernels of food found in animal manure. Western Europe
|
|
Common land
|
land that was free for all to use to farm goods. Hay and natural pasture. Taken away with the Enclosure movements. Western Europe
|
|
Open-field system
|
Developed by peasants of Middle Ages in Western Europe. Land divided into few large fields, which are then cut up into long, narrow strips. Farmed jointly by community, but large portion of arable land left fallow to let nitrogen back in. Fertilizer limited. Rotated field crops
|
|
Enclosure
|
Done during the Agricultural Revolution in Western Europe. Needed to get rid of common lands for crop rotation and more food. Opposed by many peasants and some noble landowners. Slow movement. Widespread only in England and Low Countries
|
|
Cottage industry
|
Peasants manufacture at home. Started in England after enclosing lands meant a landless rural proletariat. Population growth also led to it. Challenged monopoly of urban craft industry
|
|
Putting-out system
|
Rural workers producing cloth in homes for merchant-capitalists, who supplied raw materials and paid for finished goods. England
|
|
Fallow fields
|
Western Europe. Fields left alone and unfarmed to let nitrogen back in soil. Done in open field system
|
|
Agricultural revolution
|
Western Europe. Started with crop rotation. Alternate grain crops with nitrogen-storing crops, such as peas and beans, root crops, and grasses, and potatoes, turnips, and clovers. More food. Necessitated enclosing fields
|
|
Crop rotation
|
introduced in the Agricultural Revolution in Western Europe. Good use of fallow land, so crops could be rotated and some would leave soil tired while others would replenish them. More food. Alternate grain crops with nitrogen-storing crops, such as peas and beans, root crops, and grasses, and potatoes, turnips, and clovers. More scientific farming. Necessitated enclosing fields
|
|
Asiento
|
Black slave trade. Spanish had to give it up to England in the Peace of Utrecht after losing the War of Spanish Succession
|
|
Mestizos
|
of Indian mothers and Spanish fathers. Lowest on social ladder of Spain
|
|
Creole elite
|
Spanish blood born in America. Had more power than Mestizos, but were lower in social ladder than pure Spanish people born in Spain. Landowners that dominated economy and Indian population through debt peonage. Agricultural serfdom
|
|
Adam Smith
|
Scottish professor. Founded modern economics through general idea of freedom of enterprise in foreign trade. Wanted economic liberalism. Wrote Wealth of Nations. Claimed that mercantilism stifled economic growth. Free competition. Self-interest. Unregulated capitalism. Government has three duties. Building of public works, maintain civil order, and defense against invasion
|
|
Marquies de Montcalm
|
New France officer. Defeated by British at Quebec
|
|
Jethro Tull
|
Englishman. Advocated the use of horses for plowing instead of oxen and made drilling equipment for sowing seeds in a more uniform manner. Empirical research. Selective breeding. Aristocrat
|
|
Charles Townsend
|
Englishman. Ambassador to Holland. Turnip Townsend
|
|
Cornelius Vermuyden
|
Dutch engineer. Helped England drain its marshes to create more arable land
|
|
Bubonic plague
|
Hurt agriculture in western and eastern Europe, but eastern Europe handled it worse and enserfed its people when nobles ran into economic qualms. Stricter quarantine methods
|
|
Asiatic brown rat
|
killed off the black rats that carried the fleas that were infected with the black plague. Fleas did not like Asiatic brown rat, so bubonic plague subsided eventually
|
|
British Navigation Acts
|
Started by Cromwell and Charles II. Form of economic warfare. Mercantilist acts. English desire to increase military power against Dutch and private wealth. Most goods exported to England must be carried in British ships, or their colonies. Trade monopoly with its colonies. Helped American shipping industry
|
|
Treaty of Paris
|
Ended Seven Years’ War, which was decisive struggle in French-British competition for colonial empire; France ended up losing North America but still had Haiti. Louisiana was given to Spain
|
|
Turnips
|
Replenished soil. Used by Holland, taken by Townsend of England and turned into Turnip Townsend. Nitrogen restored back into soil
|
|
Potatoes
|
Replenished soil. Found in New World. Used widespread in Ireland. Nitrogen restored back into soil
|
|
Blood sports
|
Commercialized leisure activity after industrial revolution. Bullbaiting popular among lower classes. Nobles resented it. Wedge driven between commoners and educated public
|
|
Preindustrial childhood
|
Boys sent to work as craftsman or laborers. Plowed and wove. 7-14 years needed to learn. Could not marry during that time. Girls worked as servants. Physically or sexually mistreated. Spun and tended cows. Turned to prostitution and petty thievery when pregnant. Dangerous because of adult indifference, neglect, and even abuse. Infant mortality very high
|
|
Extended family
|
Most common in Eastern nations, where farming needed use of as many hands as possible. Consisted of three generations or more
|
|
Smallpox inoculaton
|
Developed by Ottomans by immunizing selves by scraping it against skin. Jenner, English country doctor, inoculated it by using cowpox on hands
|
|
Nuclear family
|
Mother, father, and children. Most common in preindustrial Western and Central Europe. Many women and men never married at all because usually only married when each was economically secure. Self reliant and independent. Married at 27. Waited for father to die so son could inherit farm. Woman needed dowry built up
|
|
Illegitimacy explosion
|
Pre-marital sex always common. Marriage usually followed in pre-industrial Europe because of town elders’ pressures. Open field system was a check on it too. Fewer marriages during and after industrial revolution. Growth of cottage industry made people marry earlier and for love. No longer subject to village controls
|
|
Methodists
|
John Wesley: Englishman. Troubled by religious corruption, decline, and uncertainty. Methodist movement rejected Calvinist idea of predestination and stressed salvation through faith. Religious awakening among lower classes
|
|
Coitus interruptus
|
preindustrial revolution ideas of birth control. Men withdrew just before ejaculation
|
|
“killing nurses”
|
greedy women who killed and moved onto next victim. Not suspected because of high infant mortality rates
|
|
Lady Mary Montague
|
English aristocrat who saw Ottoman methods of inoculation and spread it to England. Still dangerous though
|
|
Edward Jenner
|
English country doctor who inoculated smallpox using cowpox
|
|
John Wesley
|
Englishman. Troubled by religious corruption, decline, and uncertainty. Methodist movement rejected Calvinist idea of predestination and stressed salvation through faith. Religious awakening among lower classes
|
|
Henry Kissinger
|
US Secretary of State under Nixon
|
|
Roy Medveder
|
distinguished, Russian dissident historiean who studied the difference in terror tactics
|
|
Colonel Muammar Khadafy
|
Colonel form Libya who won important concessions from Western nations and oil companies in the early 1970s, and his example activated the OPEC countries. OPEC presented a united front against multi-national oil companies and obtain a solid price increase
|
|
de-Nazification
|
undoing the affects of Nazi Germany
|
|
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
|
celebrated non-conformist in the Soviet Union who was permanently expelled from the country
|
|
Resa Gorbachev
|
wife of Gorbachev; dedicated professor of Marxist-Leninist thought; supporter of communinist leadership and Soviet Union
|
|
Afghanistan Invasion
|
Bad choice by the Soviet Union; withdrew under Gorbachev
|
|
Watergate
|
Nixon, spying, phone tapping, etc.
|
|
Karol Wojtyla
|
Pope John Paul II; helped bring down communism, esspecially in Poland; Polish
|
|
Christian Democrats
|
Moderate Catholic party that emerged after WWII; played important part in WE renaissance
|
|
Fall of Communism
|
25 December 1991
|
|
Nikita Khrushchev
|
offical of the communist party; leader in de-Stanlinization
|
|
Czechoslovakia
|
Liberty in 1989
"Velvet Revolution" led by Constitutional democracy Partition (1993) peacefully done Czech Republic (Germanic/Sudation lands) Slovakia (Slavs) |
|
Great Russians
|
Concentrated in the central Russian heartland and in Siberia and who also held through the Communist Party the commanding leadership positions in the non-Russian republics. Constituated less than half of the total Soviet population.
Feared greater freedom and open political competition |
|
Vaclav Havel
|
Czech playwrite turned president
|
|
Andrei Gromyko
|
Soviet foreign prime minister
|
|
Conference on Security & Cooperation in Europe
|
35 nation summit opened deliberations in Helsink, Finland in 1973; after long negotiations, concluded a Final Agreement in 1975:
- political frontiers could not be changed by force - Soviet Union had to agree to civil, human, and political rights for its people; ignored later |
|
Janos Kadar
|
Hungary's communist boss, permitted liberalization of the rigid planned ecnomy after uprisings in exchange for the political obedience and continued communist control
|
|
Federal Republic of Germany
|
West Germany = democracy; largest of the two Germanies
|
|
German Democratic Republic
|
East German = Communist; smaller
|
|
Helmut Schmidt
|
Brandt's successor; agreed NATO forces had to be strengthened and medium-range missiles had to be deployed in Western Europe by NATO
|
|
Wojciech Jarvzelski
|
Communist leader Gerneral, struck Poland in the dead of night, in the dead of winter, in December 1981. proclaimed martial law, cut all communication, arrested Solidarity leaders and saved the nation from Soviet anger and danger
|
|
Lenin Shipyard Strikes
|
Gdansk Agreement = Solidarity
|
|
Roman Catholic Church
|
Pope John-Paul II supported freedom and democracy; Poland especially
|
|
Rumania
|
bloody liberty
|
|
Poland
|
1988
Lech Walesa Joined NATO |
|
Georgian Conflict of 1989
|
April; Gorbachev drew back from repression; nationalists' demands continued to grow in the non-Russian Soviet republics
|
|
Democratization
|
the introduction of democracy to former communistic countries
|
|
liberal democracy
|
?
|
|
re-Stalinization
|
re-implication of Stalin's hard line rule
|
|
Leonid Brezhnev
|
Leader of the Soviet Union; discouraged personal initiative and economic efficiency; it was also ill-suited to secure effective cooperation of the rapidly growing class of well-educated urban experts
|
|
Yuri Andropov
|
(1914-1984)
Successor to Brezhnev; chief of police, tried to invigorate the system. introducted modest reforms to improve economic performance and campaigned against worker absenteeism and high-level corrupiton; mostly failed, but pathed the way for Gorbachev |
|
Brezhnev Doctrine
|
proclaimed the right of the Soviet Union and its allies to intervene at will in Eastern Europe
|
|
Commonwealth of Independent States
|
established in 1992
|
|
Kidnapping of Gorby
|
drove communism down even further instead of saving it
|
|
Alliance of Germany
|
Conservative-liberal; defeated East German Democrats in the East German elections; quickly negotiated an economic alliance on favorable terms with Kohl
|
|
Polish parliament
|
Solidarity won all minority seats; 460 members
|
|
Hungary
|
1988
Free elections (Janos Kadar = multiparty) Conservative democracy Joined NATO |
|
Maastricht Treaty of 1990
|
Euro created
|
|
Single European Act of 1986
|
Ground rules for European Union
Single market in 1993 |
|
Gdansk Agreement of 1980
|
Strikers in the Lenin shipyard demanded:
- the right to form free trade unions - the right to strike - freedom of speech - release of political prisoners - economic reforms government gave into demands |
|
Nicolae Ceausescu
|
(1918-1989)
Rumanian dictator who refused to step down from power during the collapse of communism. wife and self executed by a military court; replaced by a coalition government |
|
Vladimir Zhirinovsky
|
captured large amounts of Russian votes, communist
|
|
Paris Accord of 1990
|
accepted territorial boundries
|
|
"Polish Miracle" of 1980
|
- the answered demands of the Solidarity by the communist party government in poland
- Pope John-Paul II |
|
Solidarity
|
Free, democratic Polish trade union led by Lech Walesa; supported by the Catholic Church and Pope personally
|
|
Warsaw Ghetto memorial
|
Brandt "begged for forgiveness
|
|
unemployment
|
oil shock, contributed to international and national debts
|
|
NATO
|
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, military and political aid
|
|
National/International Debt
|
rised sharply during the post-war ara due to oil shock and military build ups, welfare, unemployment, and healthcare
|
|
Henry Kissinger
|
U.S. Secrety of State under Nixon
|
|
Roy Medveder
|
distingushed, Russian dissident historian who studied the difference in terror tactics
|
|
Colonel Muammar Khadafy
|
Colonel from Libya who won important concessions from Western nations and oil companies in the early 1970s. His example activated the OPEC countries. OPEC presented a united front against multi-national oil companies and obtained a solid price increase
|
|
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
|
celectreated non-conformist in the Soviet Union who was permanently expelled from the country
|
|
Resa Gorbachev
|
wife of Gorby; dedicated professor of Marxist-Leninist thought, supporter of communist leadership and the Soviet Union
|
|
Konrad Adenauer
|
sought genuine peace and reconciliation with France and the West in the 1950s
|
|
Afghanistan Invasion
|
soviet union, bad idea, withdrew during Gorbachev
|
|
Watergate
|
Nixon, spying, etc.
|
|
Karol Wojtyla
|
Pope John Paul II; helped bring down communism, especially in Poland, Polish
|
|
Christian Democrats
|
moderate Catholic party that emerged after World War II; played imporatnt part in Western European renaissance
|
|
Fall of Communism
|
25 Dec 1991
|
|
Nikita Khrushchev
|
offical of communist party, leader in de-stalinization
|
|
Czechoslovakie
|
Liberty in 1989
-"velvet revolution" lead by constiutional democracy partition (1993) peaceful -Czech Republic Germanic/sudation lands -Slovakia Slovs |
|
Great Russians
|
concentrated in the central Russian heartland and in Siberia and who also held through the communist party the commanding leadership positions in the non-Russian republics, constituted less than half of the total Soviet population
feared greater freedom and open political competition |
|
Vaclav Havel
|
Czech playwright turned president
|
|
Andrei Gromyko
|
soviet foreign prime minister
|
|
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
|
35 nation summit opened deliberations in Helsinki, Finland in 1973. After long negotiations, concluded a Final Agreement in 1975
- political frontiers could not be changed by force - Soviet Union had to agree to civil, human, and political rights for its people; ignored by the Soviet Union later |
|
Janos Kadar
|
Hungary's communist boss, permitted liberalization of the rigid planned economy after uprising in exhcnage for the political obedience and continued communist control
|
|
Federal Republic of Germany
|
West Germany = democracy; largest of two Germanies
|
|
German Democratic Republic
|
East = Communist
smaller |
|
Helmut Schmidt
|
Bandt's successor. Agreed NATO forces had to be strengthened and medium-range missiles had to be deployed in Western Europe by NATO
|
|
Wojciech Jaruzelski
|
Communist leader General, struck Poland in the dead of night, in the dead of winter, in December 1981. Proclaimed martial law, cut all communication, arrested solidarity leaders, and "saved" the nation
|
|
Lenin Shipyard Strikes
|
Gdansk Agreement = Solidarity
|
|
Roman Catholic Church
|
Pope JP II
supported freedom and democracy, in Poland especially |
|
Rumania
|
bloody liberty
|
|
Poland
|
1988
- Lech Walesa joined NATO |
|
Georgian Conflict of 1989
|
April; Gorbachev drew back from repression; nationalists demands continued to growin the non-Russian soviet republics
|
|
Democratization
|
duh
|
|
liberal democracy
|
duh
|
|
re-stalinization
|
reimplication of Stalin's hard line rule
|
|
Leonid Brezhnev
|
Leader of the Soviet Union; discouraged personal initiative and economic efficiency; it was also ill-suited to secure effective cooperation of the rapidly growing class of well-educated urban experts
|
|
Yuri Andropov
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(1914-1984)
Successor to Brezhnev; Cheif of Police, tried to invigorate the system. Introduced modest reforms to improve economic performance and campaigned against worker absenteeism and high-level corruption. Mostly failed, but pared the pathed the path for Gorbachev |
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Brezhner Doctrine
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proclaimed the right of the Soviet Union and its allies to intervene at will in Eastern Europe
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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established in 1992
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Kidnapping of Gorby
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drove communism down even further instead of saving it
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Alliance for Germany
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Conservative-liberal; defeated East German Democrates in the east Germany elections; quickly negotiated an economic alliance on favorable terms with Kohl
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Polish Parliament
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solidarity won all minority seats; 460 members
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Hungary
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1988
- Free elections (Janos Kadar = multi-party) - Constitutional democracy - joined NATO |
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Maastrict Treaty of 1990
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Euro established
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Single European Act of 1986
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Ground rules for European Union
- Single market (1993) |
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Gdansk Agreement of 1980
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Strikers in the Lenin Shipyards demanded:
- the right to form free trade unions - the right to strike - Freedom of speech - release of political prisoners - economic reforms Government gave into demands |
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Nicolae Ceausescu
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(1918-1989)
Rumanian dictator who refused to step down from power during the collapse of communism. Wife and self executed by a military court; replaced by a coalition government |
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Vladimir Zhirinovsky
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Captured large amounts of Russina votes, communist
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Paris Accord of 1990
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accepted territorial boundries
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"Polish Miracle" of 1980
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The answered demands of the Solidarity by the communist polish government and Pope JP II becoming pope
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Solidarity
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Free, democratic Polish trade union led by Lech Walesa; supported by Catholic Church
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