Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
hermaphroditic
|
an individual who has both female and male parts and produces both sperm and eggs.
|
|
somatic cell
|
any cell in a multicellular organisms except a sperm or egg.
|
|
morphogenesis
|
"creation of form"
physical process that gives an organism its shape. |
|
pattern formation
|
the development of a spatial organization in which the tissues and organs of an organism are all in their characteristic places.
in plants- pattern formation occurs continually in the APICAL MERISTEMS. IN ANIMALS- PATTERN FORMATION IS MOSTLY LIMITED TO EMBRYOS AND JUVENILES, EXCEPT IN THOSE SPECIES WHERE LOST PARTS CAN BE REGENERATED. |
|
totipotent
|
in plants, at least, mature cells that can dedifferentiate and then give rise to all specialized cells and create organs and everything else.
|
|
pluripotent
|
unlike totipotency because instead of being able to raise all kinds of specialized cells, it can only raise a few.
for example, bone marrow can raise different kinds of blood cells. |
|
apical meristems
|
perpetually embryonic regions in the tips of roots and shoots in plants.
|
|
nurse cells
|
specialized macrophages who live in the bone marrow.
help create red blood cells. |
|
genomic equivalence
|
nearly all cells in an organism have the same genes.
|
|
differential gene expression
|
the expression of different sets of genes with the same genome.
|
|
apoptosis
|
programmed cell death.
|
|
what is apoptosis triggered by?
|
signals that activate a cascade of "suicide" proteins in the cells destined to die.
|
|
what happens during cell apoptosis?
|
cell shrinks and becomes lobed [called blebbing].
nucelous condenses DNA is fragmented neighboring cells EAT IT. |
|
what are apoptosis genes?
|
ced3 and ced4
|
|
master regulator of apoptosis
|
ced9
|
|
caspase
|
the main protease of apoptosis
|
|
cloning
|
using one or more somatic cells from a multicellular organism to make another genetically identical individual.
|
|
nuclear transplantation
|
to remove the nucleus of an unfertilized egg and replace it with the nucleus of a differentiated cell.
|
|
epigenetic
|
inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotides sequence.
|
|
chromatin
|
the complex of DNA and proteins that make up the eukaryotic chromosome.
|
|
histones
|
a small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that bind to negatively charged DNA play a key role in chromatic structure.
|
|
transcription factors
|
a regulatory protein that binds to the DNA and stimulates transcription of certain genes/.
|
|
homeotic genes
|
the anatomical identity of the segments is a set by the master regulatory gene called homeotic gene.
|
|
segmentation genes
|
the genes of the embryo's whose products direct formation of segments after the embryo's major body axes are defined.
|
|
egg-polarity genes
|
they control the orientation [polarity] of egg and the fly at the same time. one group of these genes sets up anterior - posterior axis of the embryo, while other one makes dorsal-ventral section.
|
|
morphogens
|
establish an embryo's axes and other features of its form.
|
|
inducers
|
inactivates the repressor of an operon.
|
|
homeobox
|
a 180-nucleotide sequence within homeotic genes and some other developmental genes that is widely conserved in animals. related things occur in plants and prokaryotes.
|
|
Linnaeus
|
FOUNDER OF TAXONOMY
two part system of genus and species. nesting method of classification; listing similar things in increasingly general categories. |
|
Cuvier
|
largely developed paleontology.
studied fossils. claimed that the deeper levels are older then the new levels. |
|
Lyell
|
leading geologist of Darwin's time.
made uniformarianism. Lyell proposed that the same geological process now were the same in the past, and were occurring at the same rate. |
|
Malthus
|
inspired Darwin's idea of overpopulation. claimed that we all always out compete for food, shelter so on. which is why fro9gs have so many babies, so on.
|
|
Henslow
|
great friend of Darwin.
was his botany professor,m sent him off on the Beagle. |
|
natural selection
|
population can change over generations if individuals possess certain heritable traits that leave more offspring then others.
|
|
Fitness
|
the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation.
|
|
homologous
|
explains hwy certain characteristics in a related species have an underlying similarity though they have different functions.
look alike, NOT SAME FUNCTION. evolved. |
|
analogous
|
same function, but not same appearance. not evolved.
|
|
gene flow
|
genetic additions or subtractions from a population resulting from movement of fertile individuals or gametes.
|
|
genetic drift
|
evolutionary process of change in the allele frequencies (or gene frequencies) of a population from one generation to the next due to the phenomena of probability in which purely chance events determine which alleles (variants of a gene) within a reproductive population will be carried forward while others disappear.
|
|
transposition
|
chromosome segment that is transferred to a new position on the same or different chromosome.
|
|
intron versus exon
|
intron is non coding, weaves in between exons.
exons are coding segments. |
|
disruptive selection
|
natural selection that favors individuals on both extremes of the phenotype.
|
|
directional selection
|
natural selection that favors individuals at one end of the phenotype range.
|
|
stabilizing selection
|
natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes.
|
|
sexual selection
|
selection for mating success.
|
|
early earth's gases
|
hydrogen
methane ammonia water vapor nitrogen/oxides. hydrogen and hydrogen sulfides. hydrogen escaped into space while the vapor of water became oceans. |
|
Miller/Urey
|
set up a closed system to stimulate the way earth was before life began. put it all in interconnected tubes and flasks. electrified the hydrogen ammonia and methane. in a short period of time, things like amino acids already started forming.
|
|
protobiont
|
abiotically produced molecules surrounded by membrane or membrane-like structure.
simple reproduction and metabolism, maintains its own interior environment. |
|
abiotic
|
NONLIVING.
|
|
primer
|
a polynucelodide with a free 3' end, bound to a complementary template strand, and is elongated during DNA replication.
|
|
cyanobacteria
|
photoautotrophs
takes light and drives synthesis of CO2. |
|
Cambrian explosion
|
most animals appear within first 20 million years of Cambrian period, known as the Cambrian explosion.
|
|
Permian mass extinction
|
boundary between Paleozoic and mesozoic.
96% of marine species died. 8 out of 27 insect died out. 251 million years ago occurred in less than 5 million years. |
|
Cretaceous extinction
|
mesozoic and Cenozoic eras
KILLED DINOSAURS 65 million years ago |
|
ice age
|
1.8 million years ago
human appear |
|
endosymbionts
|
led ot the birth of mitochondira and plasmids. lived in larger cells and eventually became part of them.
|