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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Are viruses living or non living?
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Non living
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Misfolded versions of normal proteins
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Prions
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Viruses are composed of these four things
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1) Capsid
2) Nucleic acid 3) Envelope 4) Tail fibers |
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Protein coat (either rod shaped, helical, polyhedral)
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Capsid
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On animal viruses to help it infect the host
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Envelope
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For attachment and injection of nucleic acid
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Tail fibers
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Viruses _____ instead of reproducing
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Replicate
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Two major cycles of viruses :
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1) Lytic Cycle
2) Lysogenic Cycle |
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Steps of the Lytic Cycle :
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Attachment, injecting nucleic acid into host cell, break down host DNA and replicate viral parts, assembly of parts, lysis of cell
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Steps of the Lysogenic Cycle :
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Attachment, injects, recombination (Viral DNA joins host DNA), bacterial cell reproduces by binary fission, activation of lysogenic phage, kicks into lytic cycle
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Two types of genetic recombination in bacteria
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1) Transformation
2) Transduction |
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Gene transfer during which a bacterial cell uses foreign DNA from surroundings
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Transformation
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Gene transfer from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage
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Transduction
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Random pieces of host DNA are packaged in the capsid during the lytic cycle (Type of transduction)
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Generalized
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Prophage snips out piece of host DNA and carries it with it. Only occurs in temperate phages (Type of transduction)
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Specialized/restricted transduction
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Conjugation forms a _____ between two bacteria and DNA is transferred
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Bridge
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Larger double stranded loops of DNA in conjugation
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Plasmids
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Smaller loops of DNA in conjugation
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Episomes
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F plasmids
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Fertility
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F+
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Male with pili + plasmid
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F-
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Female
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R plasmids
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Drug resistance gene
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Jumping genes are also known as
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Transposons
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Who discovered transposons
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McClintock
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Genes switch on and off as conditions in the intracellular _____ changes
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Environment
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What are the two main ways bacteria control genes switching on and off?
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1) Regulation of enzyme activity
2) Regulation of gene expression |
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Regulation of enzyme activity means
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Feedback inhibition
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Regulation of gene expression means
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Accumulation of product may trigger a mechanism that inhibits transcription of mRNA production by genes that code for an enzyme at the beginning of the pathway
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Who proposed the operon concept
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Jacob - Monod
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What are the Operon components?
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1) Operon
2) Structural genes 3) Operator 4) Regulatory genes |
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Structural genes with related functions and promoter region with operator
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Operon
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Code for a polypeptide, enzyme
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Structural genes
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Acts as on/off switch for transcription of the structural genes
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Operator
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The operator is ON unless the _____ is present to switch it OFF
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Repressor
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Code for repressors and regulators
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Regulatory genes
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Transcription of regulatory genes produces mRNA translated into regulatory protein that binds to the operator that represses or activates _____ of operon's _____ _____
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1) Transcription
2) Structural genes |
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Transcription of regulatory genes produces mRNA translated into regulatory protein that binds to _____ which represses or activates transcription of operon's structural genes
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Operator
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Transcription of regulatory genes produces mRNA translated into ____ _____ that binds to operator which represses or activates transcription of operon's structural genes
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Regulatory protein
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Transcription of regulatory genes produces _____ translated into regulatory protein that binds to operator which represses or activates transcription of operon's structural genes
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mRNA
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_____ _____ binds to the promoter and moves past the operator to transcribe the structural genes unless the repressor protein is in the operator
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RNA Polymerase
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In the trp operon, the presence of tryptophan acts as a _____ when it binds to the repressor protein and both move into the operator turning the operon off
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Corepressor
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Lactose binds to repressor protein to inactivate it so the enzyme to break lactose down can be transcribed and translated. Said to be an _____ _____
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Inducible enzyme
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Are the promoter and operator transcribed?
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NO!!!!!
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Cause plant viruses
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Viroids
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Small molecules of naked RNA that disturb the metabolism of a plant cell
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Viroid
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Viroids may spread from plant to plant by these two ways
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1) Horizontal transmission
2) Vertical transmission |
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External source like a gardener's tool, animals, cross contamination
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Horizontal transmission
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Inheritance of a viral infection from a parent plant. Asexually by propagation or sexually by infected seeds
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Vertical transmission
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What is the difference between horizontal and vertical transmission?
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Horizontal is getting the viroid by an external source (objects), while vertical transmission is inheriting the viral infection from a parent plant
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Carriers of viruses
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Vectors
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_____ _____ usually stunt plant growth
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RNA viruses
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Genes that trigger cancerous transformation in cells
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Oncogenes
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Substances that can trigger oncogenes/cause cancer to occur
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Carcinogens
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A weakened derivative of the pathogen that triggers immunity
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Vaccine
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Abnormal growth of cells resulting in a mass
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Tumor
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Not generally life-threatening; contained at the site (tumor)
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Benign
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Tumor that may be life-threatening; cells have spread from the original mass
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Malignant
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Cancer has spread to other areas of the body
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Mestastasize
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Viruses are possibly evolved from fragments of cellular nucleic acid that acquired special _____
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Pkg
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Viruses possibly originated from _____ that never re-entered the sequence
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Transposons
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Three most common cell shapes
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1) Cocci
2) Bacilli 3) Spirilla |
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The cocci cell shape is _____
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Spherical
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The bacilli cell shape is _____ _____
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Rod shaped
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The spirilla cell shape is _____
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Helical
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Cell walls are made of _____, or polymers of modified sugars with short peptides
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Peptidogylcan
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Many bacteria have a _____ _____ outside the cell wall for extra protection
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Sticky capsule
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Many bacteria have _____ which act as a surface appendage
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Pili
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Highly compacted, NOT transcribing; visible
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Heterochromatin
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More open, actively transcribing; NOT visible
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Euchromatin
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Heterochromatin; one X chromosome in females
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Barr body
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Adding methyl groups to DNA bases to prevent transcription
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DNA Methylation
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Allow transcription to occur because the DNA is in the euchromatin form
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Chromosome puffs
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