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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Chordates characteristics
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notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharengeal slits, muscular postanal tail
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Vertebrate chordates characteristics
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neural crest, cephaliztion(forming of "brain"), vertebral column, closed circulatory system.
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Aganthans
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jawless fishes.
lamprey, hagfish. |
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chondrichthyes
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cartilageous jawed fish such as sharks and rays. have jaws and pharyngeal gill slits. oviparous (eggs), ovoviviparous (eggs stay inside mother) or viviparous (young develop in uterus)
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osteichthyes
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boney fish with true bones and swim bladders.
Actinoperygii: ray finned fishes Sarcopterygii: lobe-finned fishes. |
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Amphibians
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vertebrets that lay eggs in water or moist environments. gas exchange through skin. complex mating behaviours.
(frogs, salamanders, newts) |
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Reptiles
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vertebrets with amniotic eggs, dry scaley skin.
some viviparous but mostly lay eggs on land. ectotherms: control body temp. by external means. (turtles, snakes, crocodiles) |
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Birds
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flying reptiles with feathers, amniotic eggs, and scales on legs. Endothermic heating. 4 chambered heart. internal fertalization and warm eggs.
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mammals
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hair (keratin), endthermic, 4 chambered heart, mammary glands (milk for offspring), teeth varie, diaphragm. Have large brains and include monotremes, marsupials, and placentals.
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4 stage origin of life hypothesis
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1. abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules.
2. monomers join to polymers. 3. self-replicating molecules (RNA, ribozmes) 4. packaged into probionts |
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Whittaker 1969
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5 kingdoms arranged
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peptidoglycan
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prokaryotes have in plasma membrane and archaea don't.
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cocci
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bacteria spheres
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bacilli
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bacteria rods
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spirilla
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bacterial helices.
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gram stain
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positive: simple walls with lots of peptidoglycan and easy to kill.
negative: complex walls with less peptidoglycan but lipopolysaccharides. |
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SSU-rRNA
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highly conserved sequances of RNA that are easy to trace evolutionarily.
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Archaea qualities
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extremophiles: live in extreme conditions.
methanogens: produce methane as product. halophiles: live in high-salt environments. therophiles: live in high-temperature environments. |
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protists
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can be photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, or mixotrophs (both). most are motile and very diverse in size. reproduction can be asexual, sexual or syngamy. symbiosis and endomembranes allow for compartments and complexity.
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land plants cassification
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1. Apical meristems make new tissue.
2. multicellular, dependent embryos and placental transfer cells. 3. alteration of generations. 4. walled spores produced in sporangia. 5. multicellular gametangia. usually. . . . 6. waxy cuticle. 7. xylem and phloem. 8. stomata. |
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animals
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store carbohydrates as glycogen (liver)
no cell walls with junctions in cells: desmosomes, gap and tight. Nervous and muscle tissue. Usually sexual reproduction with flagellated sperm and nonmotile egg. |
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Cambrian explosion
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diversified animal life.
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choanoflagellates
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free living or colonial flagellated unicellular forms of life. closest living relative to animals.
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ectoderm
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the embryonic tissue that later covers the outside of the body.
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mesoderm
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later forms the coelem and develops into cardiac, skeletal, and smooth (gut)muscles, organs, blood cells,
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endoderm
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third layer of embryonic development that forms the lungs, some of the liver, bladder, digestive tube, parts of the mouth, etc.
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diploblastic
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two primary germ layers in the ovum: endoderm and ectoderm
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triploblastic
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three layers in the ovum: ectoderm, endoderm and the mesoderm
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Acoelomate
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animals like flatworms with no body cavity at all.
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Pseudocoelomate
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animals like roundworms with a "false cavity" (a fully functioning body cavity with partial mesoderm lining and organs heald loosely and not well organized)
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Coelomate
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Animals with a fully funcioning, mesoderm-lined (called Peritoneum)body cavity with organized organs heald in fluid. includes most bilateral animals.
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Protosomes
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a superphylum of animals in which the blastopore becomes the mouth. also has spiral clevage.
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deuterosomes
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a superphylum of animals in which the primary embryonic opening (blastopore) becomes the anus. also has radial clevage.
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Porifera
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sponges with 2 germ layers.
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Cnidaria
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corals and jellyfish with 3 germ layers.
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ctenophora
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comb jellies
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Radiata
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other kinds of jellyfish.
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Acoelomates
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animals with no body cavity such as flatworms.
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Platyhelminthes
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flukes and tapeworms with 3 germ layers.
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Pseudocoelomates
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animals with a "false cavity" such as roundworms.
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Rotifera
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freshwater microscopic animals with anterior rotating cillia.
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Nematoda
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nematodes with bilateral symmetry and notochords.
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coelomates
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animals with a body cavity.
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nemertea
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ribbon worms; free living marine worms with unsegmented body covered in cillia. acoelmates.
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lophopores
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a feeding organ found in aquatic animals made up of a ring of cilliated tentacles surrounding a mouth.
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Mollusca
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Animals living in secreted shells such as snails and many marine animals.
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Annelida
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segmented worms such as earthworms and leeches.
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Arthropoda
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insects, crabs, and spiders, this is composed of animals with a head, thorax and abdomen, three or more pairs of segemented legs, and a chitinous exoskeleton.
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Echinodermata
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starfish, sea lillies, and sand dollars, these animals sometimes have external spines and usually have 5 parts around an axis.
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Chordata
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the phylum with few invertebrets and all vertebrets. have a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, gill slits, and post-anal tail.
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gastrovascular cavity
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a single opening in some animals used for both the mouth and the anus.
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suspention feeders
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feed by food passing through an opening in the body, like sponges.
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benthic
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live on the bottom of the ocean.
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ventral mouths
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mouths found on the bottom of the creature.
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viviparous
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young develop in uterus
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oviparous
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lay eggs.
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ovoviviparous
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eggs stay inside mother until hatching.
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calcium carbonate skeleton
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a characterisic of vertebrets.
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amniotic egg
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major evolutionary adaptation for viviparous animals.
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allantois
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excratory, respatory part of an amniotic egg.
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amnion
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protection layer of amniotic egg.
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chorion
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gas exchange part of an amniotic egg.
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yolk sac
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food part of amniotic egg.
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motoremes
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mammals that lay eggs.
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marsupials
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mammals that finish embryotic development after birth connected to the mother in a pouch.
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eutharians
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placental mammals. embryo remains attached to placenta untill fully formed. greater parental care.
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Miller
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synthesized ammino acids
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penecillin
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stops creation of cell walls of bacteria.
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charophycea
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branch of Green algae without alteration of generations.
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phragmoplasts
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the scaffolding to cell plate formation (cell wall in cytokinesis)
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sporopollenin
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make up the strong walls of spore/pollen.
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archegonia
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contain sporophyte embryoes.
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sporophyte
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diploid part of alteration of generations
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gametophyte
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haploid part of alteration of generations.
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bryophytes
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mosses without vascular tissue, roots, seeds, pollen, flowers, and fruit with the haploid gametophyte dominant. they have flagellated sperm.
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lycophytes
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the club mosses with vascular tissue, rhizomes, flagellated sperm, and sporophyte dominant.
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pterophytes
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ferns with roots, rhizomes, flagellated sperm, and sporophyte dominant.
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gymnosperms
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plants with roots, vascular tissues, pollen, seeds, and sprorophyte dominant.
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angiosperms
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flowering plants with vascular tisue, roots, pollen, seeds, flower, and fruit and sporophyte dominant.
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charophyceans
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green algea.
(flagellated sperm) |
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eutharian
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placental
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schizocoelons
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solid mesoderm that splits to form coelom. protostomes.
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eterocoelons
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folds of archentron form coelon. deturestomes.
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archentron
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pre-gut tissue cells.
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coelom
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lined body cavity that keeps organs in place.
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triploblastic
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3 layers of tissue (needs to be for aceolmates)
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blastopore
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first pore of zygote forming 2 layers.
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gastrula
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second inner layer of zygote that will form gut.
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epiphyte
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plants that grow on other plants. (parasitic or symbiotic)
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