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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
two systems
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root system and shoot system
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two types of roots
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fibrous roots - made of a mat of thin roots spread just below soils surface
taproot - one thick vertical root with many lateral roots that come out from it |
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what are stems made up of
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nodes - point at which leaves are attaches
internodes - parts of stems btwn notes |
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axillary buds
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located in the V formed btwn node and stems, have potential to form a branch
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terminal bud
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located at top end of stem
where growth usually occurs |
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in apical dominance
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terminal bud prohibits growth of axillary buds
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what do leaves consist of
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blade and petiole that joins leaf to node
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three tissue types of all plant organs
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1. dermal tissue
2. vascular tissue 3. ground tissue |
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dermal tissue
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single layer of closely packed cells that covers the entire plant and protects it
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vascular tissue
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continuous through plant
responsible for transporting material btwn roots and shoots |
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xylem
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transports water and minerals up from roots
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phloem
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transport food from leaves to other parts of plant
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tracheids and vessel elements
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components of xylem, dead cells that form a conduit through which water passes
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sieve tube members
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in phloem tubes formed by chains of cells
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ground tissue
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anything that is not dermal or vascular, divided into pith (inside the ring of the ground tissue) and cortex (outside the ring)
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plants have three types of cells
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1 parenchyma cells - perform most of metabolism, including photosynthesis, present throughout plant
2 collenchyma cells - grouped in cylinders, help support growing parts of plant 3. sclerenchyma - exists in parts of cell no longer growing, have a tough cell wall, two types specialized just for support - fibers and sclerids |
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annuals
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life span occurs over one year
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bienials
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life occurs over course of two years
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perennials
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lives occur over many years
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meristems
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embryonic growths that exist in a plants growing regions
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apical meristems
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located at tips of roots and buds of shoots, sites of cell division
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primary growth
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occurs when plant grows at apical meristems
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secondary growth
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woody plants, when shoots and roots of a plant thicken, product of lateral meristems
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root cap
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covers tip of root in a plant, contains three types of cells in various stages of growth, in the following zones
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zones of cell primary growth
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1. zone of cell division - includes apical and primary meristems where cells divide rapidly, and the quiescent center, where cells divide slowly,
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three concentric cylinders of cells that continue to divide (above apical meristem newly divided cells form these
-zone of cell division- |
1. protoderm
2. procambrium 3. groundmeristem eventually produce the three main tissues |
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zone of elongation
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above cell division, in which cells elongate significantly
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zone of maturation
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three systems of primary growth complete their differentiation and become functionally mature
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stele
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in roots procambium gives rise to this central cylinder of vascular tissue in which xylem and phloem both develop
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pericycle
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outer most layer of stele
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endodermis
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a ring one cell thick that separates the cortex from the stele
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guard cell
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flank stomata and open and close it
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where is ground tissue in leaves
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sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis in the mesophyll
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parenchyma cells
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sites of photosynthesis in mesophyll
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two lateral meristems that take part in plant growth
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1. vascular cambium produces secondary xylem (wood)
2. cork cambium - produces a tough covering that replaces epidermis |
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what happens early in secondary growth?
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the epidermis dries up and is replaced by cork cambium which produces cork cells
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periderm
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cork + cork cambium
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lenticels
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opening, or splits in the cork cambiam, that enable the cells withing the trunk to exchange gases with the outside and continue cell respiration
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bark
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all the tissue outside the the vascular cambium
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how does growth in plants occur
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by cell elongation, expansion, and division
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three kinds of transport in plants
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1. uptake and loss of water and minerals from individual cells, for instance in a root cell or leaf cell
2. transport of substances short distance from cell to cell 3. transport of sap within the xylem and phloem throughout the entire plant |
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how is the uptake of water across cell membranes achieved in plants
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osmosis
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water potential
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combined effects of solute concentration and the pressure that the cell wall contributes
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turgor pressure
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pressure exerted against cell wall when it is filled with water
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aquaporins
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channels in the plant cell walls specifically designed for the passage of water.
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tonoplasts
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surrounds vacuoles + regulates molecules going into and out of vacuole
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symplast
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is a continuum of cytoplasm that is connected by plasmodesmata btwn cells
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apoplast
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nonliving continuum that is formed by extracellular pathway, formed by the continuous matrix of cell walls
water flows through both the apo and sym plast |
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bulk flow
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movement of water through the plant by pressure
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root hairs
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where most water absorption occurs near the tip in roots
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mycorrhizae
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roots associated with symbiotic fungi, absorb water and certain minerals
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what must water and minerals in root cortex in order to enter rest of plant
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endodermis
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casparian strip
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contained in endodermis, prevents substances from going around the cells
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transpiration
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loss of water vapor from leaves and other parts of plant in contact with air
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two ways in which water is pulled up the plant
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1. root pressure- water flowing from root cortex generates positive pressure that forces fluid up through xylem
2. transpiration-cohesion-tension-meachanism - water is lost through the leaves of the plant creates a negative pressure which draws water up through the plant |
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chemistry of TCTN
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cohesion of water due to hydrogen bonding enables it to form a column which is drawn up through xylem with the help of cohesion
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guard cell
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control the size of the opening in the stomata and therefore regulates the plant water intake
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three factors influencing the opening and closing of stomata
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light, depletion of CO2 in the airspaces of the leaf, and the internal clock of guard cells
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what caries food from sugar source
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sieve tubes
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sugar sink
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an organ that consumes sugar
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bulk flow
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major part of transpiration in phloem, loading of sugar into cells creates a high solute concentration at the source end of the sieve tube, this lowers the water potential and causes water to flow in the tube
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macronutrients
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9 nutrients required by plant in great amounts, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, pottasium, calcium, magnesium
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micronutrients
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8 needed in small amounts,
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essential nutrients
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those the plants need to complete the life cycle
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topsoil
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mixture of particulus from rock, living organisms, and humus (partialy decayed organic material)
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what must happen for plants to absorb N2
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must be converted into NH4 + or NO3-
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main source of nitrogen for plants
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decomposition of humus by microbes
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nitrogen-fixing-bacteria
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convert N2 to NH3 in the process of nitrogen fixation
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nodules
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swelling of plant roots, specifically legume roots that are composed of plant cells containing nitrogen fixing bacteria
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parasitic plants
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misltoe, relies on other plants for nutrition, not photosynthetic
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epiphytes
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not parasitic, just grow on surface of other plants
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carnivorous plants
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are photosynthetic but get some nitrogen and other minerals by digesting small animals
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Angiosperm reproduction terms
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sepals - protect the floral bud before it opens
petals - attract insects and other polinators staments- male reproductive organs-contain anther and filament (stem) carpals- female reproductive organs - ovary, ovule, style (stem) stigma (polinated) |
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monoecious
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species have staminate and carpalet flowers located on the same plant
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dioecious
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species have staminate flowers and carpalate flowers on different plants
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microsporocytes
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diploid cells in the sporangia of anther, undergo meioses to produce four haploid microspores, become haploid male gametophytes
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ovules
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each contain a single sporangium containing a megasporocyte which undergoes meiosis to form four haploid megaspores. In many angiosperls, only one of the megaspores survives and produces the ovule
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self incompatibility
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mehod in which self-fertilization is prevented to promote genetic variety, in which plant can reject pollen of its self or closely related individual
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pollen tube
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pollen grain lands on stigma germinates and produces this, that extends toward ovary
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what happens next
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one sperm fertilizes the egg to form 2n embryo, other combines with two polar nuclei to form a triploid nucleus, eventually giving rise to the endosper, which nurishes plant embryo
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double fertilization
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process of forming an embryo and endosperms
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what happens after double fertilization
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ovule develops into a seed, ovary develops into a fruit which encloses the seed
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dormancy
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seed enter when mature, low metabolic rate and growth and development are suspended
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Asexual reproduction
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produces clones, also know as vegetative reproduction,
fragmentation occurs pieces of parent plant break off forming new individuals who are exact replicas many plants capable of both |
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hormones
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chemical messengers that act to coordinate the different parts of an organism
produced by one part of the body and transported to another |
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tropism
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growth response results in plant growing toward or away from stimulus
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phototropism
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growth of a shoot in a certain direction as a response to light
positive = towards light negative= away from light |
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overview of plant hormones
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ddd
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auxin (IAA)
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where plant grows, stimulates stem elongation, root growth, cell differentialation, and branching,
regulates development of fruit, enhanves apical dominance, functions in phototropism and gravitropism |
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cytokinins
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in roots, affect root growth and differentiation stimulates cell division and growth, stimulates germination, delays senescence
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gibberellins
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where plant grows, promotes seed and bud germination, stem elongation and leaf growth, stimulates flowering and development of fruit, effects root growth and differentiation
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abscisic acid
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leaves, stems, roots, green fruit, inhibits growth, closes stomata during water stress, counteracts breaking of dormancy
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ethylene
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tissues of ripening fruit, nodes of stems, aging leaves and flowers, promotes fruit ripening, opposes some auxin effects, promotes or inhibits growth and development of everything depending on species
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bassinosteroids
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everywhere except roots, inhibits root growth; retards leaf abscission; promotes xylem differentiation
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photomorphogenesis
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the effects of light on plant morphology
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three different pigments detecting blue light (blue light has the greatest effect on plant growth and movement)
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cryptochromes, phototropin, zeaxanthin
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phytochromes
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pigments involved in many of plants response to light
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circadian rythms
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physiological cycles that have a frequency of about 24 hours, not paced by known environmental variable
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photoperiodism
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physiological response to a photoperiod, like flowering
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short- day plants
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require a period of light shorter than a certain critical length in order to flower
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long day plants
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flower in the late spring or early summer- they require the most daylight to flwer
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day neutral plants
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can flower in days of any length
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gravitropism
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plants response to gravity, roots show positive gravitropism, and stems show negative
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thigmomorphogenesis
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the change in form of a plant resulting from mechanical disturbance
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thigmotropism
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directional growth in plant in response to a touch
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drought
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guard cells lose turgor, causing stomata to close
young leaves stop growing and role into shape preventing transpiration from occuring as quickly deep roots continue to grow while those near surface dont |
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flood
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certain cells in root cortex die creating air tubes enabling plant cell to continue respiration
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heat stress
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plants produce heat-shock-proteins which perform an unknown function in the cell
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cold
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plants respond by altering composition of their cell membranes
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predators
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thorns, distasteful chemicals, poisonous compounds, airborne attractants that bring other animals to kill herbivores
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viruses
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epidermal layer, plant is able to recognize pathogens and deal with them in complex biochemical ways
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C3 plant
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A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.
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C4 plant
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A plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.
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CAM plant
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A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions, first discovered in the family Crassulaceae. Carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted into organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed.
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