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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Respiratory System
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FUNCTION:EXCHANGE GASES BETWEEN ATMOSPHERE AND BLOOD
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REQUIREMENTS FOR PRIMARY RESPIRATORY ORGAN:
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1.SEMIPERMEABILITY
2.GREAT SURFACE AREA 3.GOOD BLOOD SUPPLY 4.VENTILATION |
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FIVE PHASES OF RESPIRATION:
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EXCHANGE O2 for CO2
1. VENTILATION ATMOSPHERE- ALVEOLI 2. EXT. RESP. ALVEOLI- BLOOD 3. CIRCULATION LUNGS - TISSUES 4. INT. RESP. BLOOD- CELLS 5. CELLULAR RESPIRATION C6H12O6 + 602 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O (ATP) |
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WHAT IS THE ROLE OF OXYGEN?
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TO ACCEPT HYDROGEN AS GLUCOSE IS DEGRADED TO CARBON DIOXIDE
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FUNCTIONALLY THERE IS A?
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RESPIRATORY ZONE AND A CONDUCTING ZONE.
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FUNCTION OF MOST PARTS OF THE SYSTEM IS SIMPLY TO SERVE AS
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PASSAGEWAYS WHICH FILTER, WARM AND MOISTEN AIR.
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NOSE:
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NOSE:GUARDED BY HAIRS INCREASED SURFACE AREA BY THREE PAIRS OF CONCHAE.LINING HERE AND ON INTO LUNGS (EXCEPT FOR OROPHARYNX & LARYNGOPHARYNX) IS CILIATED MUCOUS MEMBRANE.
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SINUSES OPEN INTO
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NASAL CAVITY. THEY REDUCE WEIGHT OF SKULL AND GIVE RESONANCE TO VOICE
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THREE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE PHARYNX ARE:
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NASOPHARYNX, OROPHARYNX, LARYNGOPHARYX
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LARYNX IS
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VOICE BOX
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LARYNX IS VOICE BOX.FOUR IMPORTANT CARTILAGES ARE -
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THYROID - ADAM'S APPLE
EPIGLOTTIS - COVERS OPENING INTO LARYNX CRICOID - SIGNET RING BASE ARYTENOID – CONTROLS VOCAL FOLDS |
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Vocal Ligaments
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Attach the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage
True vocal cords False vocal cords |
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TRACHEA
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1 X 5 INCHES
ABOUT 20 C-SHAPED HYALINE CARTILAGES PREVENT COLLAPSE. |
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THE TRACHEAS CARTILAGE RING OPENS
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ON BACK, NEXT TO ESOPHAGUS
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GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS IS VIA
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SIMPLE DIFFUSION ACROSS THE RESPIRATORY
MEMBRANE. |
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RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE IS TWO LAYERS OF
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SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM.
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Respiratory Zone
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RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLE, ALVEOLAR DUCT, ALVEOLI, ALVEOLAR SAC, ATRIUM, ALVEOLAR PORES
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SURFACE TENSION WITHIN INTRAPLEURAL CAVITY AND PARTIAL VACUUM TEND TO
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HOLD P.P. AND V.P. TOGETHER.
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SURFACE TENSION WITHIN ALVEOLI AND ELASTICITY TEND TO
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CAUSE COLLAPSE OF LUNGS.
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COLLAPSE IS PREVENTED BY FACTORS
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HOLDING V.P. TO P.P. AND BY SURFACTANT
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TO UNDERSTAND BREATHING
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UNDERSTAND BOYLE'S LAW.BOYLE'S LAW -- THERE IS AN INVERSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLUME AND PRESSURE.
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ONLY PARIETAL PLEURA IS MOVED DIRECTLY
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BY RESPIRATORY MUSCLES
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DURING INSPIRATION V.P. FOLLOWS P.P.
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WHY?
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COMPLIANCE
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EASE WITH WHICH LUNGS CAN BE EXPANDED. Vol/Pressure= Compliance
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RESPIRATORY AIR VOLUMES
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ONLY 350 CC OF T.A. REACH ALVEOLI. THIS IS CALLED ALVEOLAR VENTILATION. 150 CC IN PASSAGEWAYS CALLED DEAD AIR. NON-RESPIRATORY AIR MOVEMENTS
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Respiratory Membrane
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SMOOTH MUSCLE, ALVEOLUS, CAPILLARIES, ELASTIC FIBERS
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RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE - 2 CELLS THICK
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ALVEOLAR WALL & CAPILLARY WALL
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GASES DIFFUSE ACROSS THIS MEMBRANE
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ACCORDING TO DALTON'S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES -
EACH GAS IN A MIXTURE OF GASES DIFFUSES AS IF THERE WERE NO OTHER GASES. PARTIAL PRESSURE = TOTAL PRESSURE X %pO2 (ATM) = 760 mm Hg X 21% = 160 mm Hg REMEMBER THAT EACH GAS MOVES DOWN ITS CONCENTRATION GRADIENT |
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Partial Pressure Gradients
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SEE SLIDE 24
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ALMOST ALL O2 IS TRANSPORTED ATTACHED TO
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THE IRON OF HEMOGLOBIN.
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EACH GM OF HB. CAN CARRY
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19.5 ML OF O2.
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NOTICE EFFECT OF
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ANEMIA
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CO POISONS BY
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TYING UP THE HEMOGLOBIN.
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CO2 IS CARRIED BY AMINO GROUPS
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OF HEMOGLOBIN. BUT MORE IS CARRIED IN THE FORM OF THE BICARBONATE ION (HCO3-)
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- |
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REVIEW OXIDATION
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O
HENRY'S LAW - WHEN A LIQUID IS EXPOSED TO A MIXED GAS, THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF EACH GAS AT EQUILIBRIUM IS THE SAME IN THE LIQUID AS IN THE GAS. |
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THERE IS A 20:1 RATIO OF
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HCO3- TO CO2 IN BLOOD.
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pH OF ARTERIAL BLOOD -
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7.45.
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pH OF VENOUS BLOOD
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7.35
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O2 & CO2 DO NOT HAVE EXACT INVERSE RELATIONSHIPS BECAUSE --
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SOME CO2 LOST VIA KIDNEYS. FATS REQUIRE MORE O2. HAVE DIFFERENT SOLUBILITIES
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COPD AFFECTS
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PO2 MORE THAN DOES ANEMIA.
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PULMONARY ARTERIES
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CARRY VENOUS BLOOD.
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PULMONARY VEINS
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CARRY ARTERIAL BLOOD
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Pathogenesis of COPD
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SEE SLIDE 28
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CONTROL OF BREATHING
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MEDULLA AND PONS CONTROL INVOLUNTARY BREATHING.
VERY CONFUSING - BUT SIMPLIFIED ───> MEDULLA HAS INSPIRATORY (DRG) AND EXPIRATORY (VRG)CENTERS. PONS HAS APNEUSTIC AND PNEUMOTAXIC |
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HERING-BREUR REFLEX
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CONTROLS DEPTH AND RHYTHM OF BREATHING.
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APNEUSTIC AND PNEUMOTAXIC CENTERS MODIFY
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RHYTHM OF H-B
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CO2, H+, AND O2
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IN CAROTID AND AORTIC BODIES AND IN RESPIRATORY CENTERS ARE
STIMULI FOR CONTROL OF BREATHING |
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APNEA, EUPNEA, DYSPNEA, CHENE-STOKES.
BRIEF MENTION OF BREATHING DISORDERS-. |
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA - HYPERSENSITIVITY.
EMPHYSEMA - LOSS OF ELASTICITY & SURFACE AREA. (HIGH CORRELATION WITH SMOKING) LUNG CANCER - PRIMARY OR SECONDARY.(OVER 90% OF PRIMARY PATIENTS WERE SMOKERS) INFLUENZA - VIRAL. PNEUMONIA - INFECTIOUS DISEASE IN WHICH LUNGS FILL WITH FLUID. TUBERCULOSIS - BACTERIAL DISEASE WHICH DESTROYS LUNG TISSUE. |