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104 Cards in this Set
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antimicrobial definition
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inhibits growth of a compound --> synthetic or altered from living organism
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antibiotic definition
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produced by one living organism and inhibits growth of another
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major sites of activity of antimicrobial action
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Nucleic acid synthesis
Protein synthesis Cell wall integrity – these work best on organisms in logarithmic growth phase by actively making cell wall |
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antimicrobial groups that interfere with cell wall synthesis
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Beta-lactams
Glycopeptides Vancomycin note: these cells do not work on organisms without a cell wall such as mycoplasma |
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antimicrobial groups that interfere with DNA metabolism: by preventing purine synthesis
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Sulfonamides – inhibit PABA (an enzyme in folic acid production)
Diaminopyrimidines - inhibit dihydrofolate reductase (inc. trimethoprim) Potentiated sulfonamides (Sulfa + Diaminopyrimidines) |
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antimicrobial groups that interfere with DNA metabolism: Topoisomerase Inhibitor
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Fluoroquinolones
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antimicrobial groups that interfere with DNA metabolism: alters DNA Metronidazole – Intermediate is toxic to cell via alteration of DNA
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Works best in anaerobic environment because it is reduce
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antimicrobial groups that inhibit protein synthesis by inhibiting 50S ribosome
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Macrolides, Lincosamides, Phenicols (inc. chloramphenicol)
MC50 AT30 |
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antimicrobial groups that inhibit protein synthesis by inhibiting 30S ribosome
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aminoglycosides/ aminocyclitals, tetracyclines
MC50 AT30 |
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Pharmacodynamics for antimicrobial
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time dependent: need drug concentration to stay above MIC for 50% of dosing time
or concentration dependent: peak concentration needs to reach at least 8-10X MIC, then can drop below |
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MIC
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[drug] required to inhibit growth of bact
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MBC
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[drug] required to kill bacteria
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bacteriostatic drug
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takes a lot more drug to kill vs. inhibit; big gap btn MIC and MBC
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bateriosidal drugs
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smaller gap btn MIC and MBC
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"breakpoint " in relation to antimicrobials
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threshold btn susceptible and resistant; different for each drug and organism
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-oxcin
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fluoroqunolones
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Aminoglycosides: general info
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antimicrobial
MOA: inhibits 30S ribosome Abs: Poor oral, rapid/complete IM or SQ Dist: EC space, conc in perilymph of inner ear & renal cortex/tubular cells (Vd = .2-.4 L/kg – dist to interstitial & vascular space) PD: concentration dependant ADE: Nephrotoxic, Ototoxic (auditory & vestibular) Metab/Elim: Kidney |
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-micin or -mycin
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aminoglycosides
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aminoglycosides: specific drugs
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amikacin, dihydrostreptomycin, gentamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, apramycin, kanamycin, tobramycin, paromomysin
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amikacin
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aminoglycoside
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kanamycin
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aminoglycoside
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apramycin
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aminoglycoside
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streptomycin
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aminoglycoside
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neomycin
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aminoglycoside
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aminoglycoside
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aminoglycoside
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gentamycin
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aminoglycoside
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dihydrostreptomycin
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aminoglycoside
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tobramycin
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aminoglycoside
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paromomysin
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aminoglycoside
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aminocyclital: general info
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antimicrobial group
PD: concentration dependant Same MOA as aminoglycosides, but not assoc with renal injury MOA: inhibit 30S ribosome |
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aminocyclital: specific drugs
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Spectinomycin
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Spectinomycin
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aminocyclital
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Lincosamides: general info
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PD: time dependent
MOA: inhibits 50S ribosome ADE: V/D, ketosis, HS rxns, irregular behavior metab/elim: liver |
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Lincosamides: specific drugs
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lincomycin
clindamycin |
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lincomycin
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lincosamide
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clindamycin
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lincosamide
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glycopeptides
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antimicrobial: interferes with cell wall synthesis
ADE:nephrotoxic, histamine release drug of last resort |
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examples of glycopeptides
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vancomycin
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vancomycin
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glycopeptide
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beta-lactems
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antimicrobial: inhibits cell wall synthesis
gram + more susceptialbe often given with clavulanic acid to potentiate PD: need conc above MIC for 50% of dosing to work ADE: allergic reactions, GI upset, neurotoxicity (seizures) esp pen G b/c procaine in horses, vomiting safe to use in pts with liver disease b/c metab/elim via kidney lots of types! |
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Types of Beta-lactems
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Pencillins, natural penicillins, aminopenicillins (synthetic), beta-lactamase resistant penicillins, anti pseudomonal penicillins, cephaosporings, carbepenems
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Natural Penicillin
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Beta- Lactem antimicrobial
Penicillin G (systemic) Benzathinine Pen G=longest apparent T1/2 Procaine Pen G = can cause seizures in horses Na+ or K+ Pen G= shortest; give IV |
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Aminopenicillins
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type of penicillin
systemic CI: orally in horses & rabbits due to disrutption of GI flora amoxicillin + Clavulanate (clavamox) ampicillin |
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ampicillin
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aminopenicillin
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amoxicillin + clavulanate
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aminopenicillin
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How does a bacteria become resistent to beta lactames
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PBP mutation or inc enzyme that degrades Beta lactams
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beta lactamase resistant penicllins
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oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacilin, methicillin, nafcilllin
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methicillin,
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beta lactamase resistant penicllins
not clinically used. why do we have to know it? ... no idea |
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nafcilllin
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beta lactamase resistant penicllins
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dicloxacilin
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beta lactamase resistant penicllins
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cloxacillin
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beta lactamase resistant penicllins
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oxacillin
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beta lactamase resistant penicllins
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antipseudomonal penicllins
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carbenicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, azlocillin
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carbenicillin
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antipseudomonal penicllins
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azlocillin
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antipseudomonal penicllins
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piperacillin
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antipseudomonal penicllins
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ticarcillin
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***antipseudomonal penicillins
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cephalosporins
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type of Beta lactam
Abs: well orally, IM & SQ Dist: Vd=.2-.4 l/kg (in body water) ADE: Phlebitis, HS rxns, GI upset, Later generations --> thrombocytopenia divided into 7 groups 1st generation (more gram +) --> 3rd generation (more gram -) |
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Group 1 cephalosporin
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1st generation, parenteral
Cephapirin |
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Cephapirin
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1st generation, parental cephalosporin
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group 2 cephalosporin
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1st generation, oral
Cephalexin |
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Cephalexin
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1st generation, oral cephalosporin
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group 4 cephalosporins
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3rd Generation, parental
Cefotaxime Ceftiofur Cefovecin 3rd Generation most likely to penetrate CNS at thereauptic conc |
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Cefotaxime
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3rd generation cephalosporins, parental
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Ceftiofur
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3rd generation cephalosporins, parental
approved in horses metab to microb active desfuroyl |
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Cefovecin
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3rd generation cephalosporins, parental
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Group 5 cephalosporins
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3rd Generation, oral
cefpodoxime |
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Cefpodoxime
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3rd generation, oral cephalosporin
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Carbepenems
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type of beta lactam
Used only for highly resistant bugs ADE: seizures, nephrotoxic, hair loss at site of admin Imipenem Meropenem |
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Imipenem
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Carbepenems
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Meropenem
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Carbepenems
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Phenicols
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PD: time dependent
ADE: owner should wear gloves to admin tablets b/c chloramphenicol causes aplastic anemia in humans) also causes myelosup. in dogs, use w/ caution in cats b/c dec glucoronidase activity interacts with phenobarb metab/elim: liver |
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specific drugs in phenicol group
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Chloramphenicol, Florfenicol
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Chloramphenicol
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antimicrobial, phenicol
illegal in FA! causes aplastic anemia in humans |
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Florfenicol
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antimicrobil, phenicol
approved for cattle, not used in SA |
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Tetracyclines
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PD: time dependent
ADE: rapid IV admin-->cardiovascular colapse enteritis, esophageal lestions, inhibit growth of long bones in yount, nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, HS rxns, photosensitiztion, teeth discoloration metab/elim: GI (kidney too) |
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specific tetracycline drugs
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chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline
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chlortetracycline
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tetracycline antimicrobial
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doxycycline
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tetracycline antimicrobial
used more commonly in vet med than tetracycline |
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oxytetracycline
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tetracycline antimicrobial
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fluoroquinolones
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PD: conc dependent
ADE: toxic to cartilage (arthropathy) esp young, retinal degeneration in cats (esp enro), more likely to cause seizures/CNS effects conc in milk b/c more lipid soluble metab/elim: liver/kidney extralabel use is illegal |
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-cycline
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tetracycline
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-oxacin
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fluoroquinolones
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-mycin
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macrolides
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sulfa-
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sulfonamides
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specific fluoroquinolone drugs
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enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, marbofloxacin
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enrofloxacin
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fluoroquinolone
can cause retinal degeneration in cats metab to microbiol active ciprofloxacin |
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ciprofloxacin
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fluoroquinolone
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marbofloxacin
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fluoroquinolone
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Macrolide
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ADE: V/D-> stim GI motility, hyperthermia, skin eruptions, hepatotoxic, elevated asp aminotransferase
conc in milk b/c weak base metab/elim: liver |
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specific macrolide drugs:
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Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin, Tilmicosin, Tulathromycin, Tylosin
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erythromycin
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macrolide
ADE or use: inc. GI motility |
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tilmicosin
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macrolide
ADE: sudden death by injection |
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Tulathromycin
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macrolide
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Tylosin
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macrolide
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Sulfonamide
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ADE: crystlluria, KCS, hypothyroidism, HS rxn, hepatotoxic, hypoprothrombinemia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, skin reactions, diarrhea (horses), carcinogenic
M/E: liver/kidney extralabel use is illegal |
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specific sulfonamide drugs
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sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethazine, sulfasalazine
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Sulfadimethoxine
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Sulfonamide
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sulfamethazine
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sulfonamide
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sulfasalazine
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sulfonamide
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Potentiated Sulfonamides
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ADE: nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, dermatitis, KCS
M/E: liver, kidney |
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specific potentiated sulfonamide drug
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Ormetoprim & Sulfadimethoxine
Trimethoprim & Sulfadiazine Trimethoprim & Sulfamethoxazole |
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Metronidazole
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only effective against anerobes
ADE:CNS toxicity, hepatotoxic, Gi effects M/E: liver/kidney resistance: altered drug activation enz |
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Potentiated Penicillins
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amoxicillin-clavulanate
ampicillin-sulbactam ticarcillin- clavulanate |