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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Endocrine System |
Made up of a group of ductless glands that secrete hormones |
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Exocrine |
Ducts --> mouth (EX: Salivary Glands), stomach |
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Hormones |
Chemical Substances that're produced by ductless glands, released into the blood stream, and carried to other parts of the body where they produced a specific regulatory effect |
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Routes of hormones |
paracrine, autocrine, neurocrine, epicrine |
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Paracrine route |
hormones secreted into space in between cells and the interstitial fluid carries theme to the target organ (hormones often effect neighboring cells) |
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Autocrine |
hormone produced by the cell regulates the activity of cell that produced it |
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Neurocrine |
Hormones diffuse through synaptic cleft sim. to neurotransmitters, hypothalamus --> releasing hormones --> infundibulum --> pituitary gland |
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Epicrine Route |
Hormone passes through gap junctions (btwn) cells and alters the function of adj. cells |
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Types of hormones |
Peptide, Amines, Steroids |
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Peptide Hormones |
Protein, stored in secretory granules by endocrine cells, receptors found in cell membrane- response is rapid and quickly reversed, 2ndary messengers- (adapter proteins --> enzymes (kinases)--> cellular effect) cellular components that bring about desired effects of hormone AFTER binding of hormone receptors |
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Amines |
Mod. of tyrosine (T3 and T4), stored in secretory granules by endocrine cells |
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Steroids |
Cholesterol, must be synthesized (not stored), receptors found in cytoplasm/nucleus- responses develop slowly but last longer, hormone binding-triggers transcription of DNA which leads to mRNA for specific proteins to be produced-->Increase in protein production brings about desired effect of hormone, Star Codon |
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Erythropoiesis |
Formation of RBCs |
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Blood % in body |
20% in lungs, 25% in kidney @ a current time |
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signal tranduction |
cell- cell messenging |
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Atypical hormones |
not secreted by endocrine glands, gastrin, secretin, erythropoietin |
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Gastrin |
Wall of stomach, stimulates release of gastric juices from gastric glands for digestion to begin |
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Secretein |
Wall of SI, stimulate secretion of intestinal/pancreatic juice to continue duodenum (last spit where we can digest) digestion |
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Erythropoietin |
kidney, stimulates bone marrow |
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Hormone Receptors |
Target organ, Receptors, up and down regulation (can either be lying in wait in cytoplasm in vesicles or by synthesized in the nucleus) |
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Target Organ |
that tissue which is able to respond to a hormone, contains receptors specific to that hormone |
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Receptors |
complex of protein structures designed to bind a hormone to elicit its cellular effects, usually found in the cell membrane or nucleus |
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Upregulation |
Increased in HR |
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Down Regulation |
Employment of enzymes to chop up HRs |
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Trigger of upregulation or downregulation |
availability/unavailability of hormones |
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Endocrine Organs/glands |
some organs may function to produce hormones, hypothalamus/pituitary gland/thyroid/parathyroid/and adrenal gland |
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Hypothalamus |
"big boss", hormones: CRH, GnRH, TRH, GHRH, synthesizes oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone- stored and released by neurohypophysis, stimulates release of various hormones from adenohypophysis (ant. pituitary) |
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Oxytocin |
Thins cervix, caused by contractions, also causes milk, involved w/smooth muscle contractions- uterus, myoepithelial cells in mammary glands |
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Anti-diuretic Hormone |
Against diuresis, involved w/kidney function: H2O retention |
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CRH |
released from hypothalamus --> ant. pituitary and releases ACTH --> adrenals and release corticosteroids from cortex of adrenals |
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GnRH |
Stimulates FSH, LH release (adenohypophysis) |
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GHRH |
Stimulates GH release (adenohypophysis)--> promotes growth in immature animals; metabolic effects on CHO, lipid, protein metabolism in adults |
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TRH |
Stimulates TSH release (adenohypophysis) --> Stimulates release of thyroid hormones (follicular cells of thyroid gland) |
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Pituitary Gland |
Contains hormones that gen. affect the function of many organs in a variety of systems, two histologically distinct tissues (adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis) |
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Ant. Lobe |
Adenohypophysis, epithelial tissue, ACTH/FSH/LS/GH/TSH/PRL |
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Post. Lobe |
neurohypophysis- neural tissue, oxytocin and ADH |
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ACTH |
adrenocorticotropic hormone, stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal gland- most organs have receptors for corticosteroids, corticosteroids (from adrenal cortex) are gen. ass. w/stress responses and the flight or fight syndrome |
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LH + FSH |
involved w/regulation of male and female reproductive process (have receptors) FSH-release of ova --> fallopean tubes, leaves cumulus of cells --> corpus luteum (sustained for a bit bc of LH) |
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GH |
Growth Hormones, most organs, tissues, and cells in the body can respond to GH, stimulates changes in target organs that support growth, mitosis, increased mobilization of nutrients, etc, either by hypertrophy or hyperplasia |
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Thyroid Gland |
secretes: thyroid hormones and calcitonin, hypothyroidism- deficit on thyroid hormone, animals don't attain normal stature and have CNS abnormality, Chronic cold- some animals will increase T3 and T4 production to raise metabolic rate and heat the body, Hyperthyroidism- glands swell to produce more hormone |
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Thyroid Hormone |
tyrosine based, contains I, T4 (thyroxine)- source of T3, more T4> T3, 20:1, T3 (triidothryonine)- increase BMR, almost all tissue have receptors |
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Calcitonin |
Peptide hormone, which helps control Ca++ (acts to decrease blood Ca by inhibiting osteoclasts) |
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Parathyroid Gland |
Most dom. animals have two pairs ass. w/the thyroid, secretes PTH (diets low in Ca will stimulate release), increase blood Ca and decrease blood P, stimulates release of Ca and P from bone- increase osteocytes and osteoclast, promotes for of Vit. D in kidneys |
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Hyperparathyroidism |
increase Ca is removed from bone, leads to bone deformities and osteoporosis and rickets in young animals |
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Adrenal Glands |
Adrenal cortex, and Adrenal medulla |
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Adrenal Cortex |
Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids |
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Glucocorticoids |
"cortisol and derivatives" typically enhance the production (or conversion) of glucose |
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Mineralocorticoids |
"Aldosterone" regulates Na+ and K+ lvls in the blood |
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Adrenal Medulla |
Catecholamines |
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Catecholamines |
"epinephrine and norepinephrine" have a variety of functions in diff. organs, but mostly prepares animals to "fight or flight" |
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Pancreas |
Pancreatic islets- insulin, glucagon, somatostatin |
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Insulin |
Beta-cells |
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Glucagon |
Alpha-cells, stored in liver |
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Somatostatin |
slows mobilization and production of nutrients, insulin decreases blood glucose (glycogenesis), and glucagon increase blood glucose (glycogenolysis) |
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Pineal Gland |
located dorsocaudally in diencephalon, cells (neuronal by lineage) are secretory, supported by neuroglia and receive axon input- pinealocytes, manufacture an enzyme that converts serotonin -->melatonin-hormone, regulates sleep-wake cycle- peaks during darkness |
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Negative Feedback Regulation |
increase lvls of a hormone cause a biologic response to inhibit further release |
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Positive Feedback Regulation |
seen less freq., hormones causes a biologic response that produces an increase in the release of hormone |