Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Homeostasis
|
regulation of your internal environment to face the changing external environment
|
|
Conformity
|
Opposite of homeostasis. Allows parameter to change with external environment
|
|
Membrane function
|
1. separate intracellular and extracellular spaces
2. Separates organelles from cytoplasm 3. Epithelium separates from environment 4. Regulates exchange with environment 5. Communicates with environment 6. Structural Support |
|
Two types of membrane proteins
|
peripheral and integral
|
|
What is a CHO group used for within the membrane?
|
signaling and immune signals
|
|
desaturase
|
Aids in the fluidity of the membrane during times of colder temperature by unsaturation of the lipid molecules
|
|
Four types of tissue
|
Connective, Muscle, Nervous, Epithelial
|
|
Two types of extracellular fluid
|
Plasma, interstitial fluid
|
|
Three types of Junctions
|
Gap Junction, Tight junction, Anchoring junction
|
|
Gap Junction
|
Aids in cell-cell communication like in cardiac muscle or smooth muscle
|
|
Tight Junction
|
No space between cells (epithelium). Called septate junctions in invertebrates.
|
|
Anchoring Junctions
|
Attaches cell to cell or cell to extracellular matrix
|
|
cadherins
|
type of anchoring junction that attaches the cell to another cell
|
|
integrins
|
type of anchoring junction that attaches a cell to the matrix. Aids in cell finding their way through the matrix.
|
|
selectins
|
type of anchoring junction that temporarily attaches a cell to another cell and tells the cell where to go.
|
|
Diffusion
|
Goes down a concentration gradient, doesn't require energy, size matters, charge matters and is not saturatable
|
|
entropy
|
completely random thermal energy
|
|
Fick's Law
|
J=(DxAxdeltaC)/X where J=Net flux, D=diffusion constant that is related to the molecule, A=Area, C=Change in concentration, and X=diffusion difference
|
|
Facilitated diffusion
|
Still passive, but requires a transport molecule, thus solutes move faster than simple diffusion and occurs to equilibrium and are saturatable
|
|
Electrochemical Equilibrium
|
Charges are concentrated alongside the membrane, but the extracellular fluid is more neutral
|
|
competition for the active site
|
carriers are specific to the molecule--> prefer glucose to galactose
|
|
Protein channels
|
1. Form tubes through membrane
2. Selective for ions based on size and charge 3. Channels don't saturate, but they can be turned off via electrical signals |
|
Active Transport
|
Requires Energy (ATP) to pump ions out against a concentration gradient
|
|
Enzyme
|
Catalyzes a reaction, saturatable, reversible, specific.
|
|
LeChatlier's Principle
|
If you increase substrate, enzyme activity will increase until saturation.
|
|
E+S--->
|
ES--->EP--->E+P
|
|
LDH
|
LDH + Pyruvate --> LDH + Lactate
NADH + NAD+ ----------> Occurs in the presence of little O2. When there is a lot of pyruvate, Lactate is formed, when there is a lot of lactate, pyruvate is formed. |
|
Kinetics
|
velocity properties of a reaction (reaction rate)
|
|
Vmax
|
maximum velocity, fastest reaction rate
|
|
Km
|
gives measure of enzyme affinity. Substrate concentration at half of Vmax. Inverse relationship between Km and enzyme affinity --> Low Km equals high enzyme affinity
|
|
Reaction Rate determinants
|
Temperature and pH
|
|
Modulators of the enzyme
|
Allosteric, covalent, competitive, antagonist
|
|
Allosteric inhibitor
|
Binds to another place other than the active site on the enzyme and changes the shape of the enzyme so that it reduces its activity
|
|
Covalent modulation
|
phosphorylation of the enzyme
|
|
Competitive inhibitors
|
Bind to the active site on the enzyme and prevent the substrate from binding
|
|
Antagonist
|
Block the active site
|
|
Isozyme
|
related form of enzyme, differ by one amino acid, maintained by natural selection. Can make a protein not function, function differently, or function better. EX: LDH, Cytochrome P450, found in theliver, lungs, kidneys and each have a different function
|
|
Oxidation reduction reactions
|
Gain or loss of electrons. "Transfer of electrons to O2 and H+" Gain of e-. Ex: oxidase, dehydrogenase, reductase
|
|
hydrolysis and dehydration reactions
|
adding water to make a larger molecule or loosing water to make a larger molecule. Synthetase for dehydration along with reactions themselves. Hydrolysis = hydrolase, lipase, and protease
|
|
transfer of chemical group
|
1. Exchange +,- reaction, transfer of a phosphate group
2. additions (methyl, amino) 3. subtraction Examples: transaminos, kinase |
|
ligation
|
joining two substrates together, requires ATP energy Example: Ligase
|
|
Regulation of Metabolic pathways
|
1. Control the concentration of Enzymes
2. Produce Allosteric and Covalent modulation 3. Isozymes 4. Regulation of ATP/ADP ratio |
|
ATP equation
|
ADP + Pi + energy --->ADP*Pi =ATP
|
|
Glycolysis equation
|
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + heat + 38 ATP
|
|
phosphofructokinase
|
converts fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1, 6 diphosphate
|
|
Elements that allosterically modulate glycolysis
|
Citrate decreases catalytic activity AMP increases catalytic activity 100 fold
|
|
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
|
Allosteric inhibitor of glycolysis. ATP, Acetyl CoA, and NADH all inhibit this molecule in the presence of fatty acids in order to save pyruvate for gluconeogenesis.
|