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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
The muscle responsible for compressing the urinary bladder and expelling its contents is (the)
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detrusor
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(A) Detrusor
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Conical-shaped structures that are located in the renal medulla are called
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pyramids
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(E) pyramids
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Urinary tract infections are often caused by ______ bacteria in the urinary tract.
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Fecal
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(A) Fecal
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Which steroid is secreted by the adrenal cortex to increase reabsorption of sodium ions?
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Angiotensin
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Bowman's capsule, the renal membrane that surrounds the glomerulus, is also called the
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Glomerular capsule
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New research has shown that urination is actually controlled by the
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Pons
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The renal tubule contains cells adapted for absorption by having
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Microvilli
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The intracellular fluid (ICF) is found
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in the cells of the body
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The expanded end of the nephron is the
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Bowman's capsule
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Which of the following is correct about the location of the kidney?
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The kidneys are bilateral and retroperitoneal
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Substances larger than _____ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane
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Albumin
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Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by
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Converting strong acids into weak acids
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Reabsorption of glucose occurs mostly in the
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Proximal convoluted tubule
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When the level of sodium ions in the ECF decreases,
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there is an increase in the level of aldosterone
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The most abundant intracellular mechanism for regulating pH is
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Protein buffers
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The ability to form a concentrated urine depends on the functions of the
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loop of Henle
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A person who chronically consumes large amounts of antacids to settle an upset stomach may risk
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metabolic alkalosis
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If the afferent arteriole becomes constricted,
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GFR will decrease
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The known functions of the sympathetic innervation of the kidneys include
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All of the above (regulation of the glomerular blood flow, stimulation of renin release, direct stimulation of sodium ion resorption, direct stimulation of water reabsorption)
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By the third month of development, fetal kidneys begin to produce filtrate. How and why does this filtrate differ from what is excreted in an adult?
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The fetal filtrate does not contain waste products, which are instead excreted through the placenta
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Age-related changes in the urinary system include
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reduced sensitivity to ADH
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The large passageway into which the major calyces empty is the
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renal pelvis
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The gaps between the pedicles of the podocytes are called (the)
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filtration slits
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In juxtamedullary nephrons, the efferent arterioles and peritubular capillaries are connected to a long, slender series of capillaries that accompany the loops of Henle into the medulla. These are (the)
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vasa recta
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The first part of the renal tubule is the
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proximal convoluted tubule
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The kidneys are located
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retroperitoneally
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ADH acts mostly on (the)
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collecting system
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A nephron has two parts:
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renal corpuscle and renal tubules
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The mechanism whereby benign enlargement of the prostate affects urinary function in older men include which of the following?
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It may compress the prostatic urethra
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In the loop of Henle
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sodium ions are passively transported out of the ascending limb
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The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is maintained, in part, by (the)
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overlying peritoneum
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Which of the following sits atop the kidneys?
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suprarenal glands
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In the renal pelvis, fluid processing includes
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none of the above (further removal of sodium from the filtrate, secretion of lipid-soluble drugs, reabsorption of potassium, osmosis of water)
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Damage, disease, or irritation of the renal cortex would impair the function of which kidney structures?
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the nephron units
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After draining through the collecting system, tubular fluid enters (the)
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minor calyx
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Voluntary urination involves
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relaxing the external sphincter and compressing the urinary bladder
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Urine is formed in the
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kidney
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The cells of the proximal convoluted tubule normally reabsorb all of the following, except
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approximately 50% of the waste products
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The process of urine formation involves all of the following, except
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secretion of excess lipoprotein and glucose molecules
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The most selective pores in the filtration membrane are located in the
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podocytes
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During the micturition reflex
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there is increased activity of the parasympathetic motor neurons that control the smooth muscle of the bladder
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The process of filtration occurs at
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Bowman's capsule
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Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include
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all of the above (hydrogen and potassium ions, creatinine, penicillin)
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The cells of the macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells form the
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juxtaglomerular apparatus
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When the concentrations of glucose and amino acids are relatively high in the filtrate, they are reabsorbed by the process of
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fasciliatated diffusion
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Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except
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large proteins
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The detrusor muscle is
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compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra
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When the concentration of glucose and amino acids is relatively low in the filtrate, they are reabsorbed by the process of
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cotransport
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The renal sinus is
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an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule and located in the area of the hilus
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The glomerular filtration rate is regulated by all of the following, except
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cardiac output
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The urinary system does all of the following, except
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secretes excess glucose molecules
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In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce
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urine with a lower specific gravity
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sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can accomplish all of the following, except
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increase the glomerular filtration rate
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The process of urine formation involves all of the following, except
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secretion of excess liproprotein and glucose molecules
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The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the
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distal convoluted tubule
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the horseshoe-shaped segment that attaches to the collecting duct is the
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loop of Henle
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each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except
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large proteins
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the prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the
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hilus
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conical-shaped structures that are located in the renal medulla are called
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pyramids
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substances larger than ______ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane
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albumin
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the ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium
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transitional
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how much of the fluid filtered by the kidney actually becomes urine?
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1%
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urine passes through the _________
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pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra
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the first major branch of the renal artery is _________
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segmental
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the descending limb of the loop of Henle _________
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contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down the medulla
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the mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the _______
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loop on Henle
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arteries that branch to form the afferent arterioles to the glomeruli are
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interlobular arteries
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the antidiuretic hormone
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increase the permeability of the collective ducts to water
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an obstruction in the glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the
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efferent arteriole
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if a freshly voided urine sample is very dark in color, which of the following will be true?
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it will have large amounts of urochrome
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in the loop of Henle
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sodium and chloride ions are actively transported out of the ascending limb
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measurement of the functions of nephron reveals a glomerular pressure of 69 mmHg, and a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mmHg. assuming that the plasma osmotic pressure is 30 mmHg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net glomerular filtration pressure in this case?
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24 mmHg
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which of the following is greater?
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facultative reabsorption when the body is dehydrated
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when the renal threshold for a substance exceeds its tubular maximum
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the amount of substance that exceeds the tubular maximum will be found in the urine
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which of the following is not found in the renal corpuscle?
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the loop of Henle
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which of the following processes does not participate in the production of urine in the kidney?
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evaporation
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in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the macula densa belongs to the
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distal tubule
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which of the following conditions is the most often seen in elderly males with prostatic hyperplasia
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urinary retention
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in the mictuition reflex, the detrusor muscle is stimulated to contract by
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parasympathetic fibers
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the urogenital sinus
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derives from the cloaca
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pyelography is
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a type of X ray procedure (radiology)
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the longest of the three parts of the male urethra is the
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penile
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the urogenital sinus
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derives from the cloaca
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the filtration membrane includes all except
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stratified cuboidal
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place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body
1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct |
3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4
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select the correct statement about nephrons
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the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium
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while the kidneys process about 180 L of blood--derived fluids daily, the amount that actually leaves the body is _____
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1% or 1.8 L
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the function of angiotensin II is to ____
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constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
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a disease caused my inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ____
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diabetes insipidus
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if an injury reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following will occur?
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aldosterone secretion will increase
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your pituitary gland would secrete maximal quantities of antidiuretic hormone if
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you were adrift on a raft in the ocean in the tropics without fresh water to drink
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a renal corpuscle is the same as a
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glomerulus plus a glomerular capsule
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which of the following is not a function of the kidney?
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excrete excess glucose
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select the correct statement about urinary system development
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kidneys develop from urogential ridges
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the factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is _____
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the glomerular hydrostatic pressure
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which statement is correct?
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reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled
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blood flows to the glomerulus via the ____ arteriole
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afferent
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long term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs causes ______ nephropathy.
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analgesic
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blood flows from the glomerulus into the _____ arteriole
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efferent
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_____ is the movement of water across the semipermeable membrane.
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osmosis
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the _____-______-______ system is a series of chemical reactions that regulate blood pressure.
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renin-angiotension-aldosterone
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the most abundant source of hydrogen ions are those from _____
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metabolism
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the _____ is internal to the renal cortex
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renal medulla
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the area where blood vessels enter and exit the renal corpuscle is the _____
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vascular pole
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____ carry the impulses generated by the stretch receptors in the walls of the urinary bladder to the sacral spinal cord
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afferent pelvic nerve fibers
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bacteria or fungi in the conducting system result in a(n)
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UTI
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when urination occurs, contraction of the muscular urinary bladder forces urine into the ____ and out of the body
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urethra
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the glomerular epithilium consists of large cells with complex processes or "feet" that wrap around the glomerular capillaries. these cells are called _____
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podocytes
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the ____ is internal to the renal cortex
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renal medulla
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abnormally low output of urine is called ______
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anuria
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bacterial infection of the renal cortex and medulla is known as ______
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pyelonephritis
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_____ is an inflammation of the renal pelvis
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pyletis
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the term for inadequate urine production is _____
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oliguria
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_____ is the presence of excess metabolic wastes in the blood
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azotemia
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urine is temporarily stored in the _____
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urinary bladder
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nephrons located close to the medulla with loops of Henle that extend deep into the renal pyramids are called ______
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juxtamedullary nephrons
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the area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the ____
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trigone
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the calyces and renal pelvis are all flared branches off the _____, which is a structure that runs to the bladder
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ureter
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the need to get up in the middle of the night to urinate is called _____
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nocturia
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voiding of urine, known as _____, involves sypathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic fibers.
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micturiation
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a fat-containing ____ surrounds the renal capsule and provides support and protection to the kidney
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adipose-capsule
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the ____ artery is located between the interlobular and interlobular arteries
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arcuate
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most water and solutes are reabsorbed from the convoluted renal tubules into the ____
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peritubular capillaries
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the u-shaped _____ is located between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules
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loop of Henle
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blood pressure is regulated by a specialized structure, known as the ____, that contacts both the afferent arteriole and the distal convoluted tubule.
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juxtaglomerular apparatus
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glomeruli arise from branches off the ____ arteries of the cortex
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interlobular
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knot of capillaries that is drained by the efferent arteriole
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glomerulus
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the collective name of the urine-forming tubules
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nephron
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85% of nephrons are described by this term which reltes to their location in the kidney
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cortisol
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a large filled space within the kidney containing the renal pelvis, vessels, nerves and fat
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sinus
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the descriptive term for the location of the kidneys relative to the abdominal cavity
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retroperitoneal
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an inflammation of the urethral wall
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urethritis
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solid structures formed from calcium deposits, magnesium, or crystals or uric acid in the kidneys
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calculi
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a technique in which an artificial membrane regulates the composition of the blood
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hemodialysis
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juxtaglomerular apparatus is here
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distal convoluted tubule
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an inability to control urination voluntarily
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incontinence
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a condition of pain upon urination
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dysuria
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