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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Describe the calvicle in the dog and cat.
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Cat: seperate, nonarticular bone
Dog: rudimentary or absent, embedded in brachiocephalicus muscle |
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What does the spine of the scapula divide?
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Lateral scapula into infraspinous and supraspinous fossae
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What is the acromion?
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End of the spine of the scapula
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What is the acromion?
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End of the spine of the scapula
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What is the caudal projection of the acromion found in the cat?
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Suprahamate process
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What is the glenoid fossa/cavity and its function?
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Cranial process near the glenoid cavity for the attatchment of the biceps branchi muscle
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What and where is the greater tubercle?
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Projection located craniolateral to the head tf the humerus-point of the shoulder
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What is the intertubercular (bicipital) groove?
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The sulcus between the greater and lesser humeral tubercles for the biceps brachii tendon
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What is the condyle of the humerous?
How many are there per humeri? |
Entire distal end of the humerous,
1 per humeri |
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What arises from the epicondyles of the humerous?
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Lateral epicondyle: extensors of the forearm,
Medical Epicondyle: flexors |
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What foramen is found in canine and feline humeri and what passes through them?
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Dog: supratrochlear foramen - nothing passes through
Cat: Supracondylar foramen: medial nerve and bracchial vessels |
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What and where is the styloid process of the radius?
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Distal pointed end of the radius, medial
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What is the function of the olecranon/olecranon tuberosity? What is the common name for it?
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Serves as a lever arm for the extensor muscle of the elbow.
AKA Point of the elbow |
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Name the depression of the ulna that articulates with the humerus and its proximal and distal ends.
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Trochlear notch (semilunar notch)
Proximal end=anconeal process Distal end=medial and lateral coronoid processes |
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What and where is the styloid process of the ulna?
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Distal end of the ulna, lateral side
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List the parts of the manus from proximal to distal (and the bones of each part)
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Carpus (carpal bones),
Metacarpus (metacarpal bones), Digits (proximal, middle, distal phalanges and associated sesamoid bones) |
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What does the term carpus designate?
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Carpal bones and compound joint formed by these bones or the region between the forearm and metacarpus
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Name the bones of the carpus and indicate where they are in each row.
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Proximal row from medial to lateral: radial, ulnar and accesory carpal bones,
Distal row: numbered 1-4 from medial to lateral |
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Which carpal bone is located laterally and palmarily and is considered a landmark?
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Acessory carpal bone
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List the bones of each digits and their locations.
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Proximal middle and distal phalanges (not middle for dew claw),
2 proximal sesamoid bones (1 for dew claw) on palmar side of metacarpophalangeal joints, 1 dorsal sesamoid bone for digit 1-4 |
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What is the fingernail-like structure covering the ungual process?
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Horny claw
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What is the shelf of the distal phalanx covering the root of the claw?
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Ungual crest
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What is the digit (P1, P2, 1 proximal sesamoid) +MtC1 that doesn't reach the ground?
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Dew claw
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What is the configuration of the shoulder (scapulohumeral, humeral) joint?
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Ball and socket joint (spheroidal)
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What type of motion is allowed by the shoulder joint?
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All movements (universal) but mainly flexion and extension
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What protects the biceps tendon in the intertubercular groove?
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Extension of the shoulder joint capsule (connected) acting as a tendon sheath.
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What stablizies the shoulder joint?
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No true collateral ligaments, but infraspinatus tendon laterally and subscapularis tendon medially help stabalize
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What bones make up the elbow (cubital) joint?
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1.Humeral condyle 2.trochlear notch of the ulna
3. head of the radius |
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What type of joint is the elbow/cubital joint and what action is allowed?
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Ginglymus or hinge joint, also compound
Flexion and extension |
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What powerful ligament binds sides of all the joints of the limb except the shoulder?
How does this effect their movemnt? |
Lateral and medial collateral ligaments.
Limits to mainly flexion and extension |
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What type of joint is the carpus? What movement does it allow?
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Compound/composite hinge joint
Flexsion & extension (also gliding and rotation) |
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List the joints of the carpus and the movement each allows.
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Antebrachiocarpal joint: most mostment felxion and extension,
Middle carpal joint: less but considerable flexion and extension, carpometacarpal joint: very little, mainly glinding, Intercarpal joints: gliding |
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List the boundaries of the carpal canal
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Carpal bones (covered by palmar carpal fibrocartilage),
accessory carpal bone and flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament) |
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List the joints of the digits and the bones they are between.
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Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints: metacarpal bone, proximal phalanx,
Proximal interdigital (PIP): P1 and P2, Distal interdigital (DIP or "claw): P2 & P3 |
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What bones are located on the palmar side of the metacarpophalangeal joints?
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2 palmar sesamoids (main digits 2-5), 1 for dew claw
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What ligament extends from proximal P2 to dorsal P3?
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Dorsal elastic ligament (unique to carnivores)
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What flexor muscles effect the interphalangeal joints?
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Prox. IP: DDF and SDF
Distal IP: DDF only |
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What is the function of the elsatic dorsal ligament of the cats digits?
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Oppose DDF, keeping claw retracted ("sheathing the claw")
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What local thickening of the deep fascia hold tendons in place?
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Retinaculum
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In which layer are the cutaneous muscles located?
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In the superficial fascia
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What is the function of the cutaneous muscles?
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Twitch skin, shoo flies away
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What muscles connect the thoracic limb to the head, neck and trunk?
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Extrinsic muscle of the thoracic limb
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Name 5 of the 8 extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb
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Trapezius
Omotransversarius Brachiocephalicus Superficial Pectoral Deep Pectoral Latissimus dorsi Serratus Ventralis Rhomboideus |
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Which extrinsic muscle supports the weight of the trunk?
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Serratus ventralis
(forms a sling for the trunk) |
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What muscles originate and insert on the bones of the thoracic limb?
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Intrinsic muscles of the limb
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What muscles replace collateral ligaments for the shoulder joint?
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Subscapular, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, biceps brachii muscles
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What is the common insertion of all 4 heads of the triceps brachii muscle?
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Olecranon
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Where does the biceps brachii muscle originates?
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Supragelnoid tuberosity
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What nerve innervates the triceps and other extensors of the elbow, carpus and digits?
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Radial nerve
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How are the forearm muscles groups?
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Craniolateral antebrachial muscles=extensors of digits and carpus
Caudal antebrachial muscles=flexors of digits and carpus |
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Where do most of the extensors of the digits/carpus arise?
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On or near lateral (extensor) epicondyle
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What muscles arise/originate from the medial epicondyle of humerus?
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Caudal antebrachial muscles
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What innervates the caudal antebrachial muscles?
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Median and ulnar
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Where does the superficial digital flexor SDF and DDF insert?
What is the clinical significance of this? |
SDF: Middle phalanges
DDF: Distal phalanges DDF affects the distal interphalangeal joint, SDF doesnt |
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Where are most of the vessels and nerves of the arm?
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Medial side of the arm
For protection |
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List main arteries to the forelimb and their location.
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Subclavian artery (medial to first rib)
Axullary a. (axilla) Subscapular a. (along causal scapula) Brachial a. (arm) Common interosseous a. (last branch of brachial) Median (forearm) Digital arteries (paw) |
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What are the locations of the cephalic and accessory carpal veins of the manus?
Where do they join and continue as the cephalic vein? |
Cephalic: palmer paw
Accessory cephalic: Dorsal paw Meet above carpus to travel cranial on the forearm |
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Can the lymph nods of the thoracic limb be palpated?
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Axillary: No
Accessory: can if present Superficial cervial: yes |
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What innervates the cutaneous trunci muscle?
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Lateral thoracic nerve
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What nerves does SS-MAR-MU stand for and from what areas of the brachial plexus do they arise?
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SS: cranial (supraspinatus, subscapularis)
MAR: middle (musculocutaneous, axillary, radial) MU: caudal (median, ulnar) |
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Where does the radial nerve become superficial and thus in danger of damage?
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Laterally under the triceps brachii muscle
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What are th 2 cutaneous areas of the forpaw?
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Dorsal paw: radial nerve
Abaxial 5th (lateral) digits: ulnar nerve |
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What does the lateral view highlight?
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Cranial and caudal or dorsal and palmar/plantar surfaces of bones
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What are the radiographic landmarks for the lateral side of the limb?
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Spine of the scapula,
Greater tubercle (humerous), Distal ula, Acessory Carpal bone |
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What are the radiographic landmarks for the medial side of the thoracic limb?
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Radial carpal bone,
Dew claw |
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What are the caudal/palmar landmarks of the forelimb?
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Head of the humerous,
olecranon, acessory carpal |
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What does the craniocaudal or dorsopalmar view highlight?
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Medial and lateral structures of the limb
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Name 2 nomral structures that can be mistaken for fractures of the forearm
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Anconeal process of ulna,
sesamoid bones of digits or lateral collateral ligament of elbow |
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On what side of the limb is the acessory carpal bone?
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Lateral and palmar
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Do you look for radiographic changes in the cartilage in OC?
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No, can't see. check subchondral bone
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List 2 of 4 common sites of OC (osteochondrosis)
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shoulder,
medial humeral condyle, medial and lateral femoral condyle, proximal medial trochlea |
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What is the #1 site for osteochondrosis in the dog?
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Caudal aspect of head of the humerous
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Describe osteochondrosis appearance compared to normal
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Normal: smooth and round with no flattening
OCD: Flattening or cratering with chondral bone sclerosis (thickening) / +- joint mouse |
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What can the cat's clavicle be mistaken for in a lateral radiograph?
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Bone in esophagus
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Where is osteochondrosis of the elbow located?
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Medial condyle of the humerous
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What can premature closure of either proximal or distal radial physis cause?
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Subluxation of the humeral-radial joint
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What is ununited anconeal process?
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Failure of anconeal process to unit with ulna after 6 mo. age
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What is fragmented medial coronoid process?
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Improper development and fragmentation of cartilaginous precursor
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How are medial and later epicondyles of the humerus differentiated in a lateral radiograph?
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Medial "squared" and extend further caudally than rounded lateral
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What is the location of most fractures in the humerous?
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Shaft (diaphysis)
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What hinders retraction of the median nerve and brachial artery during surgery in the cat?
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They pass through supracondylar foramen
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What can cause premature closure of a growth plate?
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Injury to physis (growth plate)
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What happens if there is a premature closure of the distal ulnar physis?
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Cranial and medial curvature of the radius carpal valgus and subluxation of the elbow
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What type of fractures often occur in the radius and ulna?
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Open
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How are simple fractures of the ulna and radius often treated?
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With external casts
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HOw are olecranon fractures treated and why?
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Requires tension band appliance (2IM pins and figure 8 wire) to counteract pull of triceps brachii muscle
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What is the first thing you should think about when treating trochlear notch fractures?
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Need exact anatomical reduction because articular
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What is a Monteggia fracture?
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Fracture of the proximal 1/3 of the ulna with radial head luxation
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What is the "quick" that bleeds if a horny claw is cut too short?
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Artery in the dermis over ungual process
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How is cutting the quick prevented when trimming pigmented and unpigmented claws?
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Unpigmented: dont cut into visible pink cone,
Pigmented: shave off layers untill white area reached (just distal to quick) then use 1st to judge the rest |
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What 2 methods of declawing ensure removal of ungual crest?
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Remove all to P3 or all (including ungual crest) but the base/flexor process of P3
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How is dew claw operation preformed basically?
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Guillotine nail clipper: blade in dorsal-distal interphalageal joint and other distal to digital pad
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How is dew claw removed in a neonate (new born)?
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Prep, cut dewclaw from metatarsal bones, single absorbable suture
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What, if damaged, causes luxation or subluxation of the carpal joint?
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Rupture of the palmar carpal ligament and the joint capsule.
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