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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
an example of a connective tissue that is COMPLETELY avascular: |
Cartilige
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These cells change shape from cuboidal to flat and back to cuboidal. This allows organs to stretch to larger sizes and return. ie - the bladder
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Transitional Cells
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What glands are both Endocrine and Exocrine? |
pancreas, testis, ovary and the kidney.
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What are the 5 important types of cell junctions?
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tight junctions |
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What are the three functions of cell junctions?
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1.form a tight seal between cells |
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What Connective Tissuse Cell stores Triglycerides?
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adipocytes |
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functions by attaching to and supporting the overlying epithelial tissue. |
Basement Membrane
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This tissue lines the body's hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts.
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Epithelial Tissue
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What kinda of connective tissues are tendons composed of?
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dense regular connective tissue
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the most abundant cartilage in the body. However is it also the weakest of the cartilages.
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Hyaline Cartilage |
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the cells of fibrous connective tissue include: fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, and adipocytes. Also included in our class notes are chondroblasts and osteoblasts.
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The 3 types of protein fibers found in fibrous connective tissues are: collagenous, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers.
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a dehydrated fibrous protein that protects the skin and underlying tissues from heat, micobes and chemicals.
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Keratin
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1. Protects and support the body and its organs
2. Binds organs together 3. Stores excess energy as fat 4. Provides immunity to disease-causing organisms |
The Four Origins of Connective Tissue
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The two basic types of Epithial Tissue
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The two basic types of covering and LINING epithelium and GLANDULAR epithelium
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hold together the layers of cells in the epithelial tissue, allowing very little or no intercellular space between adjacent cells.
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Cell Junctions
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single layer of epithelial cells
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Simple Epithelium:
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A single layer that looks like multiple layers because the nuclei are at different layers and not all cells reach the apical surface
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Pseudostratified Epithelium:
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2 or more layers protecting underlying tissues in areas of wear and tear
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Stratified Epithelium
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These glands secrete hormones that enter the interstitial fluid and diffuse into the bloodstream without first going through a duct.
The pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands are endocrine glands |
Endocrine
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These glands secrete substances into a duct that empty onto skin surfaces or lumens.
Examples are sweat, salivary, mucus, earwax, etc |
Exocrine
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there are three types of FIBERS embedded in the matrix between the cells.
_________ very strong and resist pulling forces |
Collagen Fibers
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_______________Strong, but can be stretched up to 150% of their relaxed length without breaking and then return to normal.
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Elastic Fibers
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___________ Thinner than collagen fibers, also made of a network of collagen proteins
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Reticular Fibers
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consists of the parietal layer which is attached to the cavity wall and the visceral layer that lines and attaches to organs inside the cavity.
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Serosa
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Connective tissue is made up of:
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A. Cells
B. Fibers C. Ground substance D. Matrix |
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In the gastric glands of the stomach, the secretory portion is tubular and branched. The secretion is released into a single, unbranched duct known as
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Simple branched tubular
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The production and release of a physiologically active substance is called:
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secretion
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Body cavitites that open directly to the outside environment are lined with:
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Mucous membranes
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function of connective tissues
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Protect the body and its organs
Binds organs together Provide immunity to disease-causing organisms Support the body and its organs |
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Connexins and connexons are present in:
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Gap Junctions
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Which of the following is NOT an exocrine gland:
A.Sweat glands B. Goblet cells C. Adrenal glands D. Salivary glands E. Ceruminous glands |
c. Adrenal Glands
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The surface of a cell that faces the body surface, or lumen of an organ is called the:
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Apical surface
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helps maintain the stability of the cell and tissue structure AS WELL AS attach to other cells:
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desmosomes
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Skeletal muscles are compartmentalized by:
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Connective Tissue
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Generates the physical force needed to make body structures move
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Muscle Tissue
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the first tissues that form in the human embryo
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Primary Germ Layers:
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Endoderm, Mesoderm, & Ectoderm
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All three germ layers give rise to epithelial tissue
Mesoderm gives rise to all connective tissue and most muscle tissue. Ectoderm gives rise to nervous tissue |
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Consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets of single or multiple layers
ii. Held tightly together by many cell junctions allowing very little or no intercellular space between adjacent cells. |
Epitheial Tissue
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face the adjacent cells on either side of the cell.
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Lateral Surface
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opposite the apical surface and adheres to extracellular materials, a deeper layer of epithelial cells, or the basement membrane.
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Basal Surface
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forms the outer covering of the skin and some internal organs and the lining of blood vessels, ducts, body cavities, and the internal respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
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Covering and LIning Epitheilum
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the secreting protion of glands such as the thyroid, sweat glands, and adrenal glands.
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Glandular Epithelium
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thin, arranged like floor tiles.
1. Easy for allowing rapid movement of substances through them. |
Squamous Cells
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taller than they are wide
i. Also for secretion and absorption |
Columnar Cells
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Change shape from cuboidal to flat and back to cuboidal. i. Allow organs to stretch to larger sizes and return (urinary bladder)
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Transitional Cells
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lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
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Endothelium
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forms the serous membranes (the membrane that lines an organ or body cavity, that does not expose to the exterior)
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Mesothelium
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single layer of cuboidal cells
1. lines the lumen of the kidney tubules and the follicles of the thyroid |
Simple Cuboidal
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are modified, non-ciliated, simple columnar epithelial cells that produce mucous.
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GOblet Cells
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found amidst goblet cells, so that the mucous from the goblet cells can trap foreign particles and the cilia can sweep them away for elimination from the body. Or so the cilia can move an egg through a uterine tube toward the uterus.
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Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium:
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_________ fills the wide spaces between the cells
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Matrix
Cartilage: matrix is firm, but pliable Bone: matrix is hard and non-pliable |
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large, flat cells with branching processes found in loose & dense connective tissue
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Fibroblasts
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give rise to cartilage
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Chondoblasts
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give rise to bone
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Osteoblasts
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develop from monocytes (a type of white blood cell) and are capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris via phagocytosis
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Macrophage
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small cells that develop from a type og white blood cell called a B Lymphocyte.
1. Secrete antibodies, which attack foreign substances in the body. a. Important to the immune system. |
Plasma Cells
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Produce histamine, the chemical that dilates blood vessels as part of the inflammatory response to injury or infection
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Mast Cells
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made up of water and many molecules that are complex combinations of polysaccharides and proteins.
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Ground Substance
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gather in connective tissue in response to infection and allergic reactions.
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White blood cells
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a think (viscous), slippery substance, that binds cells together, lubricates joints, and helps maintain the shapes of the eyeballs.
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Hyaluronic Acid
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provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels.
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Chondroitin Sulfate
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link components of the ground substance to each other and to the surface cells.
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Adhesion proteins
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the main adhesion protein of connective tissue; links collagen and ground substances together
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Fibronectin
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Form the stroma, which means “bed or covering” and forms the supporting framework of many soft organs (spleen, lymph nodes) and the basement membrane.
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Reticular Fibers
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THis protein, is the most abundant protein in the body
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Collagen
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Abundant in skin, blood vessel walls, and lung tissue
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Elastic Fibers
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“bed or covering” and forms the supporting framework of many soft organs (spleen, lymph nodes) and the basement membrane.
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Stroma
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loosely intertwined fibers amidst many cells
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Loose COnnective Tissue
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made of cells called adipocytes, which are specialized for storage of triglycerides.
a. Function in energy storage, heat insulation, and support & protection of the body’s organs. |
Adipose Tissue
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Form the stroma for the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.
a. Also helps filter blood in the spleen and remove old blood cells as well as filter lymph in the lymph nodes and remove bacteria. |
Reticular CT
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contains more numerous, thicker, and denser fibers amidst considerably fewer cells than loose CT
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Dense CT
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Bundles of collagen fibers are regularly arranged in parallel patterns for great strength that withstand pulling along the axis of the fibers.
a. Silvery white and somewhat pliable b. i.e. Tendons and most ligaments |
Dense Regular CT
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collagen fibers packed more closely together than in dense regular CT and arranged irregularly.
a. found in parts of the body where forces are exerted in various directions (the heart) |
Dense IRREGULAR CT
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A dense network of collagen firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate
1. Can endure more stress than loose and dense CT. 2. Formed by chondrocytes, cartilage cells. |
Cartilage
(Fibrocartilage = strongest) |
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found in epithelial cells that line the stomach, intestines and urinary bladder that prevent leaking
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Tight Junctions
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contain a dense layer of protein, called a plaque, on the cytosol side of the plasma membrane, that attaches to the cytoskeleton fibers and transmembrane glycoproteins, called cadherins.
(help resist separation) |
Adherens Junctions
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made of keratin attach to a desmosome on the cytosol side and cross the cytosol to attach to another desmosome within the same cell.
a. Contributes to the stability of the cell and tissue structure |
Intermediate Filaments
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Similar to desmosomes, but do not attach to other cells. Rather they attach to the basement membrane.
the cadherins are called Integrins |
Hemidesmosomes
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allow the cells of certain tissues communicate with each other as well as increase the speed of nerve impulses along muscle cells in the heart and stomach.
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Gap Junctions
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cells that make up and form glands that function in secretion
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Glandular Epithelium
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a single cell or group of cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood.
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Gland
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regulate many metabolic and physiological activities to help maintain homeostasis
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Hormones
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tubular secretory part is straight and attaches to a single, unbranched duct.
i. I.e. glands of the large intestine |
Simple Tubular
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tubular secretory part is branched and attaches to a single, unbranched duct.
i. i.e. gastric glands of the stomach |
Simple Branched Tubular
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tubular secretory part is coiled and attaches to a single, unbranched duct.
i. I.e. sweat (suderiferous) glands |
Simple Coiled Tubular
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secretory portion is rounded and attaches to a single, unbranched duct
i. i.e. glands of the penile urethra |
Simple Acinar
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rounded secretory portion is branched and attaches to a single, unbranched duct.
i. i.e. sebaceous (oil) glands |
Simple Branched Acinar
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secretory portion is tubular and attaches to a branched duct
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Compound Tubular
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secretory portion is rounded and attaches to a branched duct
i. i.e. mammary glands |
Compound Acinar
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secretory portion is both tubular and rouded and attaches to a branched duct.
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Compound TubularAcinar
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the secretion is synthesized on ribosomes attached to rough ER, processed, sorted, & packaged by the Golgi complex, and released from the cell in secretory vesicles via exocytosis.
MOST Exocrine Glands are these. |
Merocrine Glands
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accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the cell, then that portion of the cell pinches off the rest of the cell to release the secretion
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Apocrine Glands
(none in body) |
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accumulates the secretion in the cytosol and as the cell matures, it ruptures and becomes the secretory product itself.
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Holocrine Glands
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Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body
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Membranes
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Lines a body cavity that opens directly to the outside environment.
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Mucus Membranes
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Lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the outside environment.
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Serous Membranes
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Serous Layers
the layer attached to the cavity wall |
Parietal Layer
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The layer that covers and attaches to the organs inside the cavity.
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Visceral Layer
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lubricates the organs so they can glide easily over each other and the walls of the cavity
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Serous Fluid
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lines the cavities of freely moveable joints (do not open to the external environment). Lacks Epithelium
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Synovial Membranes
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