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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Blood - The only fluid _________ in the body
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tissue
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Blood - complex __________ tissue
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connective
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Blood has both ____________components
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solid and liquid
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living tissue of blood
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formed elements
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nonliving fluid matrix
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plasma
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erythrocytes
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red blood cells
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red blood cells
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erythrocytes
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function in oxygen transport
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formed elements
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Leukocytes
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White blood cells
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cell fragments
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platelets
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40% of blood volume
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formed elements
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1% blood volume
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White blood cells
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55% whole blood
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Plasma
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Plasma protein that contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood
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albumen
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Assist in clotting blood
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clotting proteins
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plasma proteins
defense and transport of lipid proteins |
Globulins
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Blood taste
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metallic
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temperature of blood
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100.4 - slightly higher than body temp
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blood is what % of body weight
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8%
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how many liters
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~6
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Formed elements
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red blood cells
white blood cells platelets |
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Blood volume ___________ in altitude
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increases
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Biconcave discs
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erythrocytes
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do erythrocytes have a nucleus?
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No
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Erythrocytes are full of
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hemoglobin
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responsible for oxygen transport
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hemoglobin
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1000:1
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ratio of RBC's to White blood cells
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how many RBCs in 1 cu mm
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~5 million
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Which body organ plays the main role in producing blood proteins?
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liver
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Single RBC contains 250 million
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Hemoglobin Molecules
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Hemoglobin Molecule
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4 mols of Oxygen
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Decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
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Anemia
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Reduced RBCs or reduced or abnormal hemoglobin production
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Anemia
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Abnormal hemoglobin
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sickle cell anemia
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RBCs dam up small blood vessels
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sickle cell anemia
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Defends body against damage by pathogens
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leukocytes
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able of move in and out of blood vessels
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luekocytes - diapedesis
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Able to locate areas of damage via chemical signals
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leukocytes - positive chemotaxsis
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numbers can be doubled in a few hours
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leukocytes
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Granule containing WBC's
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granulocytes
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lobed nuclei
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granulocytes
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phagocytes of acute infection
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neutrophils
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responds to allergies and infections or parasitic worms
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eosinophils
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contain histamine, which attracts other wbcs in an infection area
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basophils
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granulocytes
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neutrophils
eosinophils basophils |
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lack granules with normal nuclei
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agranulocytes
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largest of WBCs
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monocytes
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macrophages against chronic infections like tuberculosis
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monocytes
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megakaryocytes
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platelets
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RBC formation is regulated by
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erythropoietin
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Hormone that targets bone marrow cells when Oxygen levels are low
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erythropoietin
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why are leukocytes produced
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when a pathogen enters the body
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decrease blood flow to the vessel reducing blood loss until clotting can occur
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vascular spasms
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Platelet plug releases
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serotonin
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serotonin enhances
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vascular spasms
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When vascular ___________ is damaged ____________ are exposed and ________ stick to them
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endothelium
collagen fibers platelets |
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------------- are released to attract more platelets to the site of a cut
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chemicals
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________ is released by damaged cells
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tissue factor
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_______ is released and it interacts with tissue factor, vitamin K and calcium to trigger the clotting cascade
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PF3
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PF3 is released and it interacts with tissue factor, vitamin K and calcium to trigger the ____________
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clotting cascade
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Thrombin joins ___________ proteins into hairlike molecules called _______
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fibrogen
fibrin |
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Characteristics of RBCs
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biconcave
anucleate hemoglobin few organelles Antigens |
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our immune systems would attack cells with unfamiliar _________ but we tolerate our own
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antigens
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Blood with and unfamiliar antigen cause antibodies to
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agglutinate
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Antigens first identified in Rhesus monkeys
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Rh blood group
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Most americans are Rh
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+
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If an Rh- person receives Rh+ blood they begin making
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antibodies
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When does a person reject the wrong Rh blood
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after the first blood transfusion
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Hemolytic disease of the newborn
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it an Rh- woman has two Rh+ babies
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fragments of blood cells used for clotting
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platelets
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Plasma is made mostly of water which
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absorbs a lot of metabolic heat
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Plasma is made of
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water
electrolytes plasma protein |
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blood plasma transports over
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100 different solutes
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what are the most abundant solutes
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plasma proteins
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plasma proteins are made mostly in the
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liver
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Plasma Proteins
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fibrinogen
albumen globulin |
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albumen is responsible for
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osmotic pressure of blood
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antibodies are types of
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globulins
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Composition of blood is always
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dynamic
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Hemoglobin is made of four
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amino acid chains
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hemoglobin carries
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oxygen through the body
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Hemoglobin in adults - types and # amino acid chains
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two alpha chains and two beta chains
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Embryonic hemoglobin
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beta chain replaced with gamma chain
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In embryonic hemoglobin replacing a beta with a gamma chain produces a
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higher grip on oxygen
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One iron molecule behind the oxygen molecule
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Heme group
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Heme group is responsible for
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the red color of blood
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Horseshoe crab has ________ in hemoglobin which makes it appear blue
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copper
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blood is heavy because of
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iron
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diapedesis
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WBCs move in and out of blood vessels at will
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positive chemotaxis
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able to locate areas of damage via chemical signals
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when cells are damaged they
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call for help
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in case of infection WBCs numbers can be
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doubled in a few hours
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Hematopoiesis
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RBC production
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Hemocytoblasts
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stem cells in bone marrow
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Lymphoid stem cells
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lymphocytes
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Myeloid stem cells
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Erythrocytes
Platelets Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils Monocytes |
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Secondary stem cells
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Lymphoid stem cells
Myeloid Stem cells |
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Steps in regulating RBC production
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Reduced Oxygen
Kidney releases erythropoietin binds to receptors in red bone marrow (erythropoiesis) more RBCs increased Oxygen |
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Kidney has sensors for the
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oxygen concentration of the blood
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Hemostasis
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stop bleeding
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Hemostasis steps
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vascular spasms
formation of platelet plug coagulation blood clotting |
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vascular spasm
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slows or stops blood flow to the area
reduces blood flow until clotting |
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Phagocytes of acute infection
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neutrphils
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allergies
infections worms |
eosinophils
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histamine
attracts WBC chemotaxis |
Basophils
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found in lymphatic tissue
immune response |
lymphocytes
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Chronic infections
Tuberulosis macrophages |
monocytes
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