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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Three main components of a cell
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Plasma membrane, cytoplasme, nucleus
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Functions of a Cell
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-Metabolism, energy use, and production
-Synthesis of molecules -Communication -Reproduction and Inheritance |
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Ribosomes
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Appearance: Small dark granules in cytosol and rough ER
Function: Protein synthesis and genetic code interpretation |
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Rough ER
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Appearance: parallel membrane sheets w/ribosomes
Function: Protein synthesis and cellular membrane synthesis |
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Smooth ER
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Appearance: Network of tunbules, NO RIBOSOMES
Function: Lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage |
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Golgi Apparatus
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Appearance: Near nucleus, parallel cisternae w/thick edges
Function: Packaging cell products, carb synthesis, modifies polypeptides |
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Lysosome
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Appearance: Oval sacs
Function: Contain digestive enzymes, autophagy, glucose mobilization |
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Peroxisome
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Appearance: Oval, lighter in color than lysosomes
Function: Amino acid degrader, oxidizes fatty acids, contains enzymes for detox of free radicals, alcohol, and other drugs |
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Mitochondria
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Appearance: Round rod-shaped
Function: ATP synthesis |
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Secretory Vesicle
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Appearance: Round irregular sac near golgi Apparatus
Function: Carry cell products to cell surface |
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Plasma Membrane
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-Boundary between intro and extracellular materials
-Allows elec impulse, involve ions moving across membrane -consists of 45-50% lipids, 45-50% protein, and 4-8% carbs -Contains Glycocalyx (Carbs, lipids, and proteins on outer surface) -Fluid-mosaic model |
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Membrane Lipids
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Predominantly Phospholipids and Cholesterol
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Phospholipid bi-layer
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Makes up cell membrane. Polar heads facing water in the interior and exterior of cell (hydrophilic) while non-polar tails face each other on interior of membrane (hydrophobic)
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Cholesterols role in the phospholipid bi-layer
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Interspersed among phospholipid bi-layer. Controlled amounts determines the fluid nature of the membrane. More=stiffer
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Integral Membrane Protein
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-Extend deeply into membrane, often extending from one surface to the other
-Can form channels, allow things to pass in/out |
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Peripheral (Extrinsic) Membrane Proteins
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-Attached to inner or outer surfaces of the membrane
-Function as identifying markers, attachment sites, and receptors |
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Marker Molecules
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-Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
-Allow cells to be identified by one another or by other molecules -For immunity or intercellular communication |
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Cadherins Attachment Proteins
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Attach cells to other cells
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Integrins Attachment Proteins
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Integral proteins that attach to extracellular molecule
Sometimes allow communication due to contact with intracellular molecules |
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Transport Proteins
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transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance cross the membrane
-Inclueds Channel Proteins and Carrier Proteins |
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Carrier Proteins
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-Move ions or molecules across the membrane; binding of specific chemical causes change in shape; the carrier then moves the molecule across the membrane.
- Also called transporters -Uniporters, Symporters, Antiporters |
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Uniporter - Carrier Protein
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Moves one particle at a time
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Symporter - Carrier Protein
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Moves two particles in the same direction at the same time
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Antiporter - Carrier Protein
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Moves two or more particles in opposite directions at the same time.
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ATP-Powered Transport
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-Requires ATP
-Rate of transport depends on: conc. of substrate conc. of ATP |
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Receptor Proteins
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-Functions as binding stie in the extracellular fluid
-Proteins or glycoproteins in membranes with an exposed receptor site -Can attach to specific chemical signal molecules (hormones) and act as an intercellular communication systems -Ligand can attach only to cell with a specific receptor |
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Channel Protein
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Form passageways through the plasma membrane, allow speicific ions or molecules in or out of cell. Gate or nongated
-Receptor molecules linked to channel proteins -Attachment of receptor-specific chemical signal to receptor causes change in shape of channel protein -Channel opens or closes -Changes permeability of cell |
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What causes Cystic Fibrosis
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A defect in the genes causes a defect in the channel proteins
Drugs can be used to alter membrane permeability by binding to sites. |
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Receptors Linked to G Protein Complexes
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-Alter activity on inner surface of membrane
-Leads to intracellular chemical reaction signal that affect cell function -Some hormones function like this -Chemical signal molecule does not enter cell |
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Enzymes in the Plasma Membrane
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-Some act to catalyze reactions at outer/inner surface of plasma membrane
- |
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Which type of protein is involved with the immune system
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Marker Molecules
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Which type of protein is involved in speeding up reactions?
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Enzyme proteins
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If you have a receptor linked channel what will cause it to open?
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A chemical signal
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Attachment Proteins
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Anchor cells to other cells (cadherins) or to other extracellular moelcules (integrins)
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What are the 4 classes of Tissue?
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Epithelial
Connective Muslce Nervous |
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Histology
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Microscopic study of tissue
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Biopsy
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Removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes
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Autopsy
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Examination of organs of a dead body to determine cause of death
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Epithelial Tissue
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-Consists almost entirely of cells
-Covers body surface, forms glands -Outside of digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems -Heart and blood vessesls -Lining of many body cavities -Has free, basal, and lateral surfaces to air, fluid plasma -Basement membrane (where new cells grow from) -Avascular (no vessels) -Undergoes mitosis |
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Function of Epithelial Tissue
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-Protecting underlying structures
Acts as barrier -Permit passage of specific substances e.g. nephrons in kidney -Secretes substances; e.g. pancreas -Absorbs substances; e.g. lining of small intestine |
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Cell Surface Modifications
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Microvilli (brush boarder): Increase surface area for absorption/secretion
Cilia: Move materials across cell surface |
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Classification of Epithelium
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-Number of layer of cells
-Simple: One layer -Stratified: More than one layer -Pseudostratified: Tissue appears stratified, but all cells contact basement membrane, so Simple in fact. |
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Shape of Cell
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Squamous: Flat scale-like
Cuboidal: About equal in height and width Columnar: Taller than wide |
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Function Characteristics of Simple and Stratified cells
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Simple: Allows diffusion of gases, filtration of blood, secretion, absorption
Stratified: Protection, e.g. abrasion |
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Connective Tissue
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-Abundant
-Consists of cells seperated by extracellular matrix -Many diverse types -Perform a variety of functions |
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Function of Connective Tissue
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-Connects tissues to each other. (tendons and ligaments)
-Support movement (bone) -Storage (Adipose tissue) -Transport (blood) -Protection (WBC's) |
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Extracellular Matrix
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-Protein fibers of the matrix
-Collagen -Reticular -Elastic |
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Collagen Fibers
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Most common protein in body; strong, flexible, inelastic
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Reticular Fibers
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Fill spaces between tissues and organs. Fine collagenous, form branching networks
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Elastic Fibers
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Returns to its original shape after distension or compression. Contains molecules of protein elastin that resemble coiled springs; molecules are cross-linked
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Bone (Connective Tissue)
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-Hard connective tissue composed of living cells (osteocytes) and mineralized matrix
-Matrix: Gives strength and rigidity; allows bones to support and protect other tissues and organs |
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Bone Matrix
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Gives strength and rigidity
-Made of organic Collagen fibers and Inorganic Hydroxyapatite (Ca+PO4) Minerals -Osteocytes; located in lacunae |
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Bone Function with relation to blood
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When minerals are low in the blood, the bones release some. High enough bones can take it back. Minerals are needed for nerve and muscle functioning
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Bone Types
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Cancellous or Spongy bone (produce blood cells)
Compact bone |
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Muscle Tissue Characteristics
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-Contracts or shortens with force
-Moves entire body and pumps blood, moves food |
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Muscle Tissue Types
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Skeletal
Cardiac Smooth |
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Skeletal Muscle
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Most attached to skeleton, but some attached to other types of connective tissue.
-Striated "strips" and VOLUNTARY (multinucleated) |
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Cardiac Muscle
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Muscle of the heart, striated and involuntary
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Smooth Muscle
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Muscle associated with tubular structures (blood vessels) and beneath the skin. Non-straited and INVOLUNTARY.
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Types of Neurons
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Multipolar
Unipolar Bipolar |
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Multipolar Neurons
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Has many dendrites and one axon
-found as motorneurons |
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Bipolar Neurons
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Has one dendrite and one axon attached to the cell body
-Found as interneuron (found in ear and eye) |
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Unipolar Neurons
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Have one process from the cell body, an axon. It branches to connect to receptors and the spinal cord or brain
-Found as Sensory neurons |
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Nervous Tissue
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-Neuroglia
-Support cells of the brain, spinal cord and nerves -Nourish, protect, and insulate neurons. -Do not conduct impulses |
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Integumentary System
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-Include: Skin, hair, nails, and glands
Function: Protection, Sensation, Temperature Regulation, Vit. D production, Excretion, Immunity. |
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What is the function of the Glycocalyx?
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Found in the plasma membrane
-It is a collection of lipids, carbs, and proteins. -They are used in identification |
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What is mediated transport?
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Movement that occurs across membranes
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What is specificity, competition, and saturation?
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the three defining attributes of a receptor-ligand interaction.
Specificity: A specific ligand, like key Competition: Different ligands compete for receptor Saturation: After receptors are saturated, changing ligand count has no effect |
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Which Tissue type is involved in storing fat?
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Adipose tissue (Connective Tissue)
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Which tissue type makes blood cells?
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Bone tissue (Connective)
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What type of tissue is involved with pumping?
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Muscle tissue (cardiac, striated)
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Which muscle type are multinucleated?
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Skeletal muscle
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Which tissue type is involved in absorbing things? Secretion
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Epidermis (Absorption)
Epithelial (Secretion) |
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Which tissue type is tightly packed?
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Epithelial
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What type of protein fibers are found in connective tissue?
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Collagen, Reticular, and Elastin
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Whats the impotance of Ca and PO4?
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Calcium phosphate in an inorganic molecule that allows for stiffness. It is a storage for materials for nerve function and muscle control
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Which part of a neuron allows a cell to detect info?
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A dendrite, which relays the signal with axon.
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Do neuroglia transmit signals?
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FALSE. they assit neurons with that function.
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Mediated Transport
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-Facilitated Diffusion
-Active Transport -Secondary Active Transport |
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Diffusion
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-Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration in solution due to thermal molecular energy
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Osmosis
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Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves from low conc. to high conc.
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Osmotic Pressure
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Force required to prevent water from moving across a membrane by osmosis.
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Isoosmotic
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Solutions with the same concentrations of solute particles
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Hyperosmotic
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Solution with a greater concentration of solute
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Hypoosmotic
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Solution with lesser concentration of solute
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Isotonic Solution
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Cell will neither shrink nor swell
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Hpertonic Solution
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Cell shrinks (crenation)
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Hypotonic Solution
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Cell swells (may undergo lysis)
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Filtration
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Works like sieve, strainer.
-Uses hydrostatic pressure to force molecules across membrane -Depends on pressure difference between a partition Move from side of greater pressure to side of lower pressure |
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What are the three characteristics that govern mediated transport
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Specificity
Competition Saturation |
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Specificity
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Is when binding site on cell is specific for a single type of molecule
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Competition
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Is when there is competition between similar shape molecules for one binding site
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Saturation
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Rate of transport limited to number of available carrier proteins
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Saturation of a Carrier Protein
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1. When conc. of x molecule outside the cell is low, the transport rate is low
2. When more molecules are present outside, as enough carrier proteins are available, more molecules can be transported and rate increases 3. The transport rate is limited by number of carrier proteins and rate at which transport occurs.When # of molecules outside of cell is too large and all carrier proteins are taken up, the system is considered saturated. |
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Carrier or channel mediated.
PASSIVE (no energy required) |
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Active Transport
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-Requires energy, ATP
-Rate of transport depends on conc. of substrate and on conc. of ATP EX: Na+/K+ exchange pump that creates e potential across membrane. |