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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anatomy
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The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another |
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Gross Anatomy
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The study of anatomy that is visible with the human eye (Ex: cadaver, muscles, bones, etc…) |
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Microscopic Anatomy
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The study of anatomy visible with a microscope |
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Developmental Anatomy
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The study of anatomy that develops over time (Ex. The developmental of the renal system & kidneys) |
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Physiology
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The study of the function of the body’s structural machinery |
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3 types of Gross Anatomy
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1. Regional 2. Systemic 3. Surface |
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Regional
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All structures in one part of the body (Ex. Shoulder, abdomen, leg, etc…) |
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Systemic
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Gross anatomy of the body studied by system (Skeletal, nervous, reproductive systems, etc…) |
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Surface
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The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
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2 types of Microscopic Anatomy
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1. Cytology
2. Histology |
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Cytology
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The study of the cell |
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Histology
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The study of tissues |
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What are the Levels of Structural Organization?
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1. Chemical 2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ system 6. Organismal |
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Chemical level
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Atoms combined to form molecules |
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Organelles
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Structures located inside of a cell (Ex. mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, ribosome, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, centrioles) |
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Cellular level
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Cells are made of molecules |
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Tissue level
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Consists of similar types of cells (Cells combine to form tissue) (Make up an organ) |
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Organ level
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Made up of different types of tissues (Two or more tissues come together to form an organ) (Make up organ systems) |
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Organ system level
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Consists of different organs that work closely together |
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Organismal level
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Made up of the organ systems |
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What are the organ systems of the body?
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1. Integumentry 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Cardiovascular 6. Lymphatic 7. Respiratory 8. Digestive 9. Urinary 10. Reproductive |
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What does the digestive system do?
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Creates energy by absorbing nutrients by breaking down food |
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1. What makes up the urinary system?
2. What does the uniary system do? |
1. Bladder & kidneys 2. Eliminates waste and balances water |
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What does the respiratory system do?
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Provide oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide |
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1. What makes up the nervous system?
2. What does the nervous system do? |
1. Nerves, brain and spinal cord 2. Tells everything in the body what to do |
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What makes up the cardiovascular system?
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Heart & blood vessels
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1. What makes up the lymphatic system?
2. What does the lymphatic system do? |
1. Spleen, tonsils, & thymus 2. Immunity |
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1. What makes up the muscular system?
2. What does the muscular system do? |
1. Muscles & tendons 2. Movement |
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1. What makes up the reproductive system?
2. What does the reproductive system do? |
1. Ovaries, thyroid, pancreas, & hormones 2. Messengers that control the body |
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1. What makes up the skeletal system?
2. What does the skeletal system do? |
1. Bones 2. Protects and gives structure |
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Homeostasis
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The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
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Negative Feedback Mechanism
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The body’s response to a change in internal environment to correct it (opposite direction of stimulus)
(Ex. Regulation of blood glucose levels) (most common feedback) |
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Positive Feedback Mechanism
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The body’s response to a change in internal environment to intensify change (same direction of stimulus) (Ex. Giving birth or blood clotting) |
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What leads to symptoms in disease processes?
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Overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms allowing destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over
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Anatomical position
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Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from the body |
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When in anatomical position, what are the three names of the forward facing side of the body?
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1. Ventral 2. Anterior 3. Front |
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Superior (Cephalad)
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Toward the head |
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Inferior (Caudal)
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Away from head |
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Anterior (Ventral)
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Toward the front |
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Rostral
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Towards the nose |
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Posterior (Dorsal)
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Toward the back |
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Medial
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Toward the midline |
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Lateral
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Away from the midline |
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Intermediate
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Between a more medial and lateral structure |
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Superficial
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Toward the surface of the body |
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Deep
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Away from the surface of the body |
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Proximal
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Closer to attachment to trunk of the body (upper limb) |
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Distal
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Further from attachment to trunk of body (lower limb) |
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What does the Axial Region of the body refer to?
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1. Head 2. Neck 3. Trunk |
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What does the Appendicular Region of the body refer to?
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Appendages
*aka Limbs |
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Nasal Region
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Nose |
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Oral Region
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Mouth |
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Cervical Region
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Neck |
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Acromial Region
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Point of Shoulder |
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Axillary Region
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Armpit |
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Abdominal Region
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Abdomen |
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Brachial Region
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Upper arm |
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Antebrachial Region
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Forearm |
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Antecubital Region
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The bend of the elbow (the anterior side of the arm from the elbow) |
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Carpal Region
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Wrist |
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Manus (Manual)
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Hand |
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Palmar Region
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Palm |
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Digital/Carpal Region
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Fingers |
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Pelvic Region
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Pelvis |
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Pollex
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Thumb |
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What is considered the first digit?
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Pollex |
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What is considered the fifth digit?
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Pinkie |
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Pubic Region
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Genitals |
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Patellar Region
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Knee |
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Crural Region
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Anterior Lower Leg |
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Peroneal (Fibular) Region
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Lateral aspect of lower leg |
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Femoral Region
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Thigh |
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Pedal Region
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Foot |
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Tarsal Region
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Ankle |
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What are two names for which toes are referred to?
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1. Digits 2. Rays |
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Frontal Region
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Forehead Front of head |
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Orbital Region
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Eye |
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Buccal Region
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Cheek |
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Mental Region
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Chin |
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Sternal Region
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Sternum/Breastbone |
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Mammary Region
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Breast |
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Umbilical Region
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Naval Bellybutton |
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Thoracic
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Chest |
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Coxal Region
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Hip |
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Inguinal Region
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Groin |
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Hallux
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Big Toe |
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What is the first digit on the pedal?
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Hallux |
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Cephalic Region
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Head |
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Otic Region
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Ear |
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Occipital Region
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Back of head |
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Vertebral Region
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Vertebral/Spinal Column |
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Scapular Region
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Scapula |
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Olecranon Region
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Back of Elbow |
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Lumbar Region
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Lower back |
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Sacral Region
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Between hips |
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Dorsal Region
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Whole back |
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Gluteal Region
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Butt |
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Perineal Region
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Between genitalia and anus |
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Popliteal Region
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Back of knee |
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Sural Region
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Calf |
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Calcaneal
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Heel |
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Plantar Region
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Sole of foot |
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Sagittal planes
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Divides the body into Right and Left parts |
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Midsagittal planes
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(Medial)
Sagittal plane that lies on the midline (symmetrical halves) |
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Parasagittal Planes
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Nonsymmetrical right/left halves |
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Frontal Planes or
Coronal Planes |
Divides body into anterior and posterior |
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Transverse Planes
(Cross sectional, horizontal) |
Divides the body into Superior and Inferior portions |
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Oblique Section
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Cuts made diagonally |
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What cavity protects the nervous system?
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Dorsal Cavity |
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What are the 2 internal cavities of the human body?
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1. Dorsal Cavity 2. Ventral Cavity |
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The Dorsal Cavity is divided into 2 sub cavities.
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1. Cranial Cavity (brain) 2. Vertebral Cavity (spinal cord) |
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What is the only organ system entirely encased in bone?
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The central nervous system |
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What cavity is the spinal column located?
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Vertebral Cavity |
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What cavity is the skull located?
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Cranial Cavity
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The Ventral Cavity is divided into 2 subcategories.
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1. Thoracic 2. Abdominopelvic |
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What does the Ventral Cavity house?
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Internal Organs (Viscera) |
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Why is the Abdominopelvic Cavity considered one cavity?
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There is no anatomical separation between the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
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What separates the Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities?
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Diaphragm
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What are the sub cavities of the Thoracic Cavity?
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1. Pleural Cavities 2. Pericardial Cavity 3. Mediastinum |
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What is located in the Pleural Cavity?
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Lungs |
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What is located in the Mediastinum?
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Pericardial Cavity and the remaining thoracic organs |
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What is located in the Pericardial Cavity?
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Heart |
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1. What is the name of the area located between the lungs?
2. What is located there? |
1. Mediastinum 2. Pericardial Cavity |
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How is the Mediastinum separated?
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1. Superior Mediastinum (above Sternal Angle/Angle of Lewis) 2. Inferior Mediastinum (below Sternal Angle/Angle of Lewis) (the Inferior Mediastinum is then separated into Anterior, Middle and Posterior portions) |
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What is located in the Middle Mediastinum?
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Heart |
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What is located in the Abdominal Cavity?
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Digestive Viscera (Stomach, Small & Large Intestines, Liver, Pancreas and Spleen |
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What is located in the Pelvic Cavity?
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Urinary Bladder, Reproductive Organs, and Rectum (Prostate Glands, Seminal Vesicles, Uterus, Ovaries, Ova Ducts, Vagina) |
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1. Which body cavities have membranes?
2. Why? |
1. Ventral body cavities
2. The organs need to be lubricated so they can slide easily to function What lubricates the Ventral Body Cavities? |
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Serous Membranes
1. What does the Serous Membrane Produce? 2. What does it do? |
1. Serous Fluid 2. It separates the Serosa. |
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What are the 2 layers of the Serous Membrane?
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1. Parietal Serosa 2. Visceral Serosa |
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What is the role of the…
1. Parietal Serosa 2. Visceral Serosa |
1. Lines the body wall. 2. Covers the organ |
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What determines the name of the Serosa?
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Where it is located (ex. Parietal Pleura & Visceral Pleural, Parieta Pericardium & Visceral Pericardium, etc...)
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What are the body cavities that are considered external or open to the body exterior?
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1. Oral & Digestive 2. Nasal 3. Orbital 4. Middle Ear 5. Synovial |
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What do the following cavities do?
1. Oral & Digestive 2. Nasal 3. Orbital 4. Middle Ear 5. Synovial |
1. Mouth & Cavities of the digestive organs
2. Within & Posterior to the nose. 3. Houses the eyes. 4. Bones transmit sound vibrations 5. Houses synovial fluid for movement. |
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What are the nine Abdominopelvic Regions?
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1. Hypogastric 2. Umbilical 3. Epigastric 4. Right Iliac/Inguinal 5. Left Iliac/Inguinal 6. Right Lumbar 7. Left Lumbar 8. Right Hypochondriac 9. Left Hypochondriac |
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What organs are located in the Right Hypochondriac Region?
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Liver & Gallbladder
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What organs are located in the Epigastric Region?
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Stomach
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What organs are located in the Left Hypochondriac Region?
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Diaphragm
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What organs are located in the Right Lumbar Region?
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Ascending colon of large intestine.
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What organs are located in the Umbilical Region?
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Transverse colon of large intestine.
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What organs are located in the Left Lumbar Region?
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Descending colon of large intestine.
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What organs are located in the Right Iliac Region?
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Cecum & Appendix
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What organs are located in the Hypogastric Region?
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Urinary Bladder
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