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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The ANS is involved with control of ____
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viseceral processes of organs
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The goal of the ANS is to maintain ____
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Homestasis
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The ANS has ____ and ____ components
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Senosry (Afferent) and motor (efferent)
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The 3 components of the ANS:
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Symathetic, parasympathetic and enteric
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The Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system reside in
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The CNS and PNS
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The enterric nervous system resides in:
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Walls of most of the digestive tract and accesory organs of the GI
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The two categories of visceral sensory receptors include:
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Nocioreceptiors and physiological receptors
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Nocioreceptors respond to
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Damaged tissue or or conditions that have the potential to damage tissue
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Stimulation from nocioreceptors i perceived as ___
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visceral pain
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What is referred pain?
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Pain that is perecived to arise from a somatic area; senoesry and autonomic nerves enter the same level and "cross signals"
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Example of referred pain
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cardiac pain radiating to left arm
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Charecteristics of visceral pain
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Dull; difficult to localize
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Visceral pain sensations are carried by ___ nerve fibers in the ____ portion of ANS
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afferent; sympathetic
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Physiologic receptors respond to ______ stimuli
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harmless
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Sensations from physiologic receptirs are carried by _____
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afferent nerve fibers in the parasympathetic portion of ANS
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Examples of physiologic receptors include:
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chemoreceptirs, mechanoreceptors and baroreceptors
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Chemoreceptirs respond to changes in : ______
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chemical composition
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Example of chemoreceptiors
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Receptirs that monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide in blodd- carotid and aortic bodies
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Reduction of oxygen and increasein CO2 stimulate
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reflex increase in pulmonary ventilation
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Mechanoreceptors respond to
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stretch, tension and pressure within the walls of the organs
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Example of mechanoreceptor
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lower esophageal sphincter (LES) (refelx reaction so that food can enter the stomach)
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Barcorecptors respond to ____ and are located with the ______
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Stretch in arterial walls; carotid sinus and aortic arch
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Baroreceptors monitor changes in ____
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arterial blood pressue
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Reduction of arterial pressure (i.e. stretching of the arteries) elicits an _____
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increase in cardiac output and heart rate
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Physiologic receptors monitor visceral functions via ______
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Efferent motor limb of the ANS
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The target cells for the efferent nerve fibers of the ANS include:
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Vascular muscle cells (smooth and non smooth); cardiac muscle cells; Epithelial secretory; gastrointestinal endocrine
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Two major networks of the enterric system
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myernteric and submucosal plexus
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What kinds of neurons/cells does the enterric nervous system contain?
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Motor neurons, sensory neurons, interneourons and glia
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What does the enterric nervous system control?
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gastric motility (perstalsis and chyme churning); scretion and absorption, blood flow, sphincter regulation
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What provides from communication between the enterric nervous system and teh CNS?
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Parasympathetic and sympathetic portions of ANS
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The PS and Sympathetic nervous system interact with ______ systems of the body
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all major visceral systems
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The _______ nervous system is concerned with anabolic activities concerned with conservation of energy
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parasympathetic
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The _______ nervous system deals with stressful situations that require high levels of energy
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symathetic
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What is the basal rate of activity of PS and S nervous system known as?
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Parasympathetic tone and sympathetic tone
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True or false: Most organs receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation
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True
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An example of an organ with dual innervation is the _____
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heart
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Stimulation of parasympathetic system in the heart causes ______
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a reduction in the number of heart contractions per minute
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Stimulation of the sympathetic system in the heart causes
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an increase in the number of heart contractions per minute
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Blood vasculature in skeletal muscles ONLY receives ____ innervation
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sympathetic
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How many components controle the coonstriction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the arterioles?
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1 - sympathetic of ANS
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If degree of sympathetic stimulation increases blood vessels ______
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constrict (blood flow is reduced)
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If degree of sympathmetic stimulation decreases blood vessels _____
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relax
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Somatic refers to areas composed of _______
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skeltal muscles, bones and skin
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Where does the sympathetic area innervate?
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smooth muscle of the vasculatur, secretory cells of sweat glands, arrector pili of hair muscles
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The parasympatheic system has/does not havet somatic distribution
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Does not have
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Viscera of the _____ receive both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation
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thoraic, abdominal, pelvic and perineum
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Select structure sof the head such as eyes and salivary glands receive _________ innervation
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parasympathetic and sympathetic
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Vasculature, sweat glands and arrector pili of the somatic structures in the head receive _____ innervation
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sympathetic
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PS and S neurons are ____ polar with cell bodies located ______
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pseudounipolar; outside of the CNS
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Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic portion located?
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DRG of some spinal nerves - NO cranial nerves have a sympathetic component to them
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Where are sensory nerve cell bodies of parasympathetic system located?
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In DRG of some spainal nerves but also sensory ganglia associated with some cranioal nerves
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Which CN is the main source of parasympathetic innervation to the body?
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CN X; vagus nerve
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Afferent nerve fibers are also known as _____ fibers
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Sensory
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Efferent nerve fibers are also known as ___ fibers
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Motor
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In the PNS and S nervous system sensory fibers follow what course?
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The same as visceral effernt fibers of teh corresponding system
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How many neuron chain is involevd on the motor component of the PNS and Sympathetic system?
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2 (two neuron chain)
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The first neuron is called the _______ neuron and is located _______
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preganglionic neuron; in the CNS
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Preganglionic axon is myelinated and appeares _____
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white
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The second neuron in the chain is a ______ neuron and is located ________
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postganglionic neuron; in the PNS in a ganglion
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The postganglionic axon is unmyleinated and appears ____
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grey
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There is an amplification of the efferent system: A preganglionic axon can synpase on ___ to ____ postganglionic nerve cell bodies
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2 to 20
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The parasympathetic nervous system is also referred to as
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"craniosacral"
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Where are PS nerve cell ganglion located?
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Brainstem motor nuclei of certain cranial nerves or DRG of S2 through S4 portion of the spinal cord
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Which spinal nerves have a parasympathetic component to them?
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III, VII, IX and X
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Where are most parasympathetic nerve fibers dervied from?
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Vagus nerve
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Where are PS postganglionic nerve cell bodies located?
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Within or immediately adjactent to the walls of an organ
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In the digestive system some PNS postganglionic cells bodies reside amoing and are integrated into the _____ system
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enterric
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Preganglionic PNS axons tend to be long/short in comaprison with postganglionic PNS axons
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long
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The sympathetic nervous system is also referred to as the ______ portion of the ANS
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thoracocolumbar
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The preganglionic nerve cell bodies of the sympathetic NS are located in _______ levels of the spnial cord
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T1-L3
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Sensory nerve cell bodies of the sympathetic system are located in DRG of _____ nerves
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T1-L3
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Differences between the postganglionic nerve bodies of the sympathetic vs. parasymapthetic system
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Larger in size; able to be seen in dissection; sites of clinical interventions; preganglionic axons are short where postganglionic are long
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Sympathetic postganglionic ganglia can be divided into two populations:
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Sympathtic trunks and preveterbrial ganglia
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What is a sympathetic trunk (paraveterbral ganglion)?
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Two vertical chains of ganglia and interconnecting axons that run parallel on each side of the vertebral column
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Where are sympathetic trunks located?
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They span all regfions in the trunk of the body (cervical, lumbar, sacral, thoracic)
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How are trunks named?
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By their region
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How many sympathetic ganglia are there per trunk?
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25
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Ganglia in sympathetic trunks are connected by ______
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bundles of nerve axons
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Compare prevetebral and paraveterbral ganglion
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Paraveterbral are are fewer in number some are larger in size
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Where are preveterbal ganglia found?
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Limited to the abdominal cavity, anterior to the vertebral column, adjacent to origins of major arterial branches of the abdominal aorta
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How are prevertebral ganglion names?
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for the arterial branch of the aorta where they originate
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Preganglionic sympathetic axons exit the vertebral column as part of the ____ roots in the _____ spinal nerves
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anterior roots; T1 to L3
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What is a white rami comunicante?
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Preganglionic axon branches of spnial nerves
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What is a gray rami comunicantes?
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Bundles of postganglionic axons going bacj to into T1-L3 spnial nerves
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How are prevertebral ganglion names?
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for the arterial branch of the aorta where they originate
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Preganglionic sympathetic axons exit the vertebral column as part of the ____ roots in the _____ spinal nerves
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anterior roots; T1 to L3
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What is a white rami comunicante?
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Preganglionic axon branches of spnial nerves
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What is a gray rami comunicantes?
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Bundles of postganglionic axons going bacj to into T1-L3 spnial nerves
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Some of the preganglionic neurons ____ or ______ to reach postganglionic neurons ____ and ___ T1 and L3 levels
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ascend; decsend; above; below
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Much of the head recieves somatic innervation from ____
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cranial nerves
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The sympathetic trunks are/are not connected to the cranial nerves
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are not; so there are no neuronal pathways that can be used
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Where do superior cervical ganglia arise?
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High up in the base of the skull
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Describe distribution via periarterial nerve plexus
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Postganglionic axons in superior cervical ganglia jump out onto uter surface of carotid arteries and distribute arterial branches to branches of the head
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Innervation of visecra in the head (eye and salivary glands) uses ______ system above
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Periarterial
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Postganglionic axons exit cervical and upper thoracic ganglia and descend the thorax and prject into ____ and _____ plexuses
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cardiac and pulmonary
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The postganglionic axons join up with preganglionic axons of vagus nerve via a _________ or by coursing along the bronhcial tree and innervate the cells of the heart and lungs
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perarterial nerve plexus
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Preganglionic input to the cells of these cervicial and upper thoracic ganglia are dervied from _____
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T1 to T5 levels of the spinal vord
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What is a splanchic nerve?
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Preganglionic axons that arise from cell bodies in T5-L3 that exit the sympathetic trunks without having synaposed on any postganglionic neurons
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Splanchic nerves than course to ______ ganglia, providing the ganglia with a source of preganglionic axon innervation
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prevertebrial
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The postganglionc axons then target abdominal and pelvic viscera thorough a ______
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periarterial nerve plexus
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Activities of the AS and its goal of homestastis are/are not achieved independntly of other components of the nervous system
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Are not
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