Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
circulatory
|
(cardiovascular)
blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, CO2, nutrients. Heart pumps blood. Lungs transport gases |
|
digestive
|
breaks food down to absorbable units that enter blood. Indegestable material becomes feces.
|
|
endocrine
|
glands secrete hormones
-growth, reproduction, metabolism |
|
excretory
|
excretes wastes through kidneys and bladder
|
|
integumentary
|
external body covering
protect from injury, produce vitamin D, cutaneous |
|
lymphatic
|
picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns. houses white blood cells
|
|
muscular
|
allows manipulation of environmen, locomotion, facial expression, posture, heat
|
|
nervous
|
fast actng control system. internal and external changes. activates muscles and glands
|
|
reproductive
|
production of offspring
|
|
skeletal
|
protects and supports organs. framework for muscles. produces blood cells and stores minerals
|
|
respiratory
|
lungs
|
|
superior
|
toward head end or upper part of body; above
|
|
inferior
|
away from head end or toward lower part; below
|
|
medial
|
midline of body; inner side of
|
|
lateral
|
away from midline; outer side of
|
|
anterior
|
toward front of body; in front of
|
|
posterior
|
toward backside of body; behind
|
|
superficial
|
toward or at the body surface
|
|
deep
|
away from the body surface; more internal
|
|
proximal
|
close to origin of body or point of attachment of limb to body trunk
|
|
distal
|
farther from origin or point of attachment of limb to body trunk
|
|
anatomical position
|
standing up
face front body erect feet parallel arms hanging at side palms facing forward |
|
anatomical position
|
standing up
face front body erect parallel legs arms handing at sides palms facing forward |
|
anatomy
|
study of structure and shape of body and body parts and their relationship to one another
|
|
atmospheric pressure
|
exact pressure needed for exchange of gases and breathing
|
|
control center
|
determines level(set point)at which variable must be maintained, analyzes info, and determines response
|
|
digestion
|
breaking down ingested food for delivery to all body cells
|
|
effector
|
provides means for contrl center's response to the stimulus. info flows along efferent pathway
|
|
excretion
|
removing wastes from body
|
|
homeostasis
|
the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even if outside world is changing
|
|
metabolism
|
all chemical reactions that occur within the body. regulated chiefly by glands and hormones
|
|
movement
|
all activities promoted by muscular system
|
|
negative feedback
|
depresses the stimulus so that it shhuts off and results are reversed
|
|
physiology
|
the study of how the body and its parts work and function
|
|
positive feedback
|
enhances the stimulus so the reaction continues at a faster rate
|
|
receptor
|
notices changes in the environment and sends stimulus to control center
|
|
amino acids
|
the building blocks of proteins. made o an amino group, R group, carboxyl group, hydrogen
|
|
ATP
|
provides chemical energy for all body cells
|
|
BUffers
|
resists pH changes in body
|
|
carbohydrates
|
include sugars, starches
contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen found in rings |
|
carboxyl Group
|
the accid group that is COOH
|
|
catalyst
|
an enzyme that speeds up chemical reactions
|
|
enzyme
|
protein catalyst
|
|
fibrous protein
|
structural protein
bind structures together and provide strength in tissues |
|
globular protein
|
mobile molecules
do things instead of just being structures enzymes, antibodies, hormones |
|
functional group
|
R-group
makes the protein unique |
|
high heat capacity
|
water has high heat capacity that allows it to not boil in hot temperatures and not freeze in low temperatures
|
|
matter
|
the "stuff" of the universe
|
|
neutral fat
|
tri-glycerides
made of fatty acids and glycerol |
|
nucleic acid
|
building bloc of DNA
nucleotides have nitrogen base, pentose, phosphate group |
|
organic
|
molecule that contains carbon
|
|
physical
|
physical changes do not alter the chemical makeup of a chemical
|
|
Protein
|
makes up most of organic matter in body
made of amino acid chains or polypeptide chains with proper folding it becomes protein |
|
Raioactive isotope
|
an isotope that undergoes decay so it is radioactive and can be used for medical purposes
|
|
steroids
|
structure differs from fat but is made of fats. used to make hormones, vitamins, salts
|
|
cytoplasm
|
callular material outside the nucleus and inside plasma membrane
|
|
golgi apparatus
|
membraneous sacs
traffic director of cellular proteins. modify and package director |
|
lysosome
|
membrane bags that contain digestive enzymes
|
|
mitochondria
|
double membrane that functions in cellular resiration
|
|
nucleus
|
center of the cell that controls mitosis, meiosis, and protein production
|
|
ribosome
|
bodies made of protein and RNA called ribosomal RNA that is the site of protein synthesis
|
|
rough ER
|
network of channels to carry proteins from on end of cell to another. folds the proteins into their 3-dimensional shapes
|
|
smooth ER
|
cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, detoxification
|
|
vacuole
|
in plant cells
large storage area |
|
acive transport
|
cell uses ATP to transport molecules across membrane
|
|
endocyosis
|
embrane engulfs extracellular substances. uses atp to let them in
|
|
exocytosis
|
moves substance outside of cell by engulfing them
|
|
facilitated diffusion
|
substance that are too large or lipid insoluble move through channels towards concetration gradient
|
|
osmosis
|
diffusion of water
|
|
passive transport
|
objects transport towards concentration gradient without any help
|
|
simple diffusion
|
unassisted diffusion of solutes
|
|
cutaneous
|
the membrane that is the skin
|
|
dermis
|
dense fibrous connective tissue that holds body together. holds oil, sweat, glands, blood vessels
|
|
epidermis
|
upper layer of skin
|
|
keratin
|
fibrous protein that gives epidermis a tough protective layer
|
|
melanin
|
pigment protein that gives epidermis color
|
|
serous
|
line body cavities that are closed to the exterior
|
|
synovial
|
no epithelial cells
connective tissue that line fibrous capsules surrounding joints |
|
stratum basale
|
the deepest cell layer of the epidermis
|
|
stratum corneum
|
the outermost layer of the epidermis
|
|
stratum granulosum
|
3rd layer of epidermis
|
|
stratum lucidum
|
4th layer of epidermis
|
|
Stratum SPinosum
|
2nd layer o epidermis
|
|
Appocrine glands
|
confined to axillary and genital regions of body
ducts empty to hair follicles |
|
athlete's foot
|
itchy condition between the toes that is a result of fungus infection
|
|
cold sores
|
caused by herpes virus around the mouth
deposits in mucous nerve until activated where it is a blister |
|
contact dermatitis
|
itching, swelling, redness of skin due to exposure to chemiclas
|
|
eccrine gland
|
produce sweat
most numerous throughout the body |
|
impetigo
|
pink water filled raised legions that become crusts then burst
caused by staph infection |
|
keratinocytes
|
cells that produce keratin
|
|
melanocytes
|
cells that produce melanin
|
|
rule of nines
|
used to determine the extent to which a person is burned
|
|
1st degree burn
|
only epidermis
red heals in one week |
|
2nd degree burn
|
epidermis and upper dermis
forms a blister |
|
3rd degree burn
|
entire skin
no pain at beginning leaves scars |
|
basal cell carcinoma
|
most common skin cancer
from stratum basale |
|
appendicular skeleton
|
the bones of the limbs an girdles
|
|
articular cartilage
|
hyline cartilage
abundant collagen fibers larynx, ribs, ends of bones where they meet joints |
|
axial skeleton
|
the longitudinal axis of the body
|
|
compact
|
dense, hard, smooth, homogenous
|
|
diaphysis
|
the shaft that makes up most of the bone's length
|
|
epiphysial plate
|
cause the lengthwise growth of long bones
|
|
Epiphysis
|
at the ends of the long bone
thin layer of compact bone covering an area filled with spongy bone |
|
flat bone
|
thin, flattened, curved bones. made of two layers of compact bone between layer of spongy. skull, ribs, sternum
|
|
haversian canal
|
system of interconnecting canals. unit of bone
|
|
lacunae
|
where the osteocytes are found
tiny cavities withing the matrix |
|
medullary Cavity
|
yellow marrow
storage area for adipose tissue |
|
open fractures
|
the bone sticks out
severe |
|
ossification
|
formation of bone
1. hyline cartilage completely covered with bone matrix by osteoblasts 2. hyline cartilage is digested opening up a medullary cavity |
|
osteoblast
|
bone forming cells
|
|
osteoclast
|
bone destroying cells
|
|
periosteum
|
connective tissue membrane that covers diaphysis
|
|
short bone
|
cube shaped and contain mostly spongy bone
|
|
spongy bone
|
lots of open space
light composed of small needlelike pieces of bone |
|
volkmann's canal
|
communication pathway between the outside and inside of a bone. RUn at right angles with the compact bone
|
|
I band
|
-light band
-z disk |
|
acetylcholine
|
neurotransmitter that signals muscles to contract
|
|
actin
|
thing filaments that get pulled into m line
|
|
cardiac muscle
|
muscles of the heart that are involuntary and are striated
|
|
crossbridge
|
when a contraction occurs and the thin filaments are pulled into are inbetween
|
|
endomysium
|
connective tissue that that encloses each muscle fiber
|
|
epimysium
|
covers the entire muscle
connective tissue |
|
Fascile
|
several muscle fibers
|
|
H-zone
|
the midline of the muscle fiber
interrupts a(dark zone)with light pattern |
|
M-line
|
the midline of the myofibril
|
|
Myosin
|
the thick filament that pulls the thing filament
|
|
Sarcollema
|
the plasma membrane of the muscle cell
|
|
sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
releases calcium |
|
skeletal muscle
|
striated
voluntary varied contration rate |
|
smooth muscle
|
non striated
involuntary |
|
z-disk
|
interrupts the I line with a dark pattern
|
|
Adipose
|
areolar tissue containing fat cells
beneath skin for insulation and protection |
|
Areolar
|
cobwebby tissue
holds internal organs together water and salt source |
|
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
|
one layer
basement membrane found in glands and thier ducts kidney tubules ovary surface |
|
Bone
|
cell sits in cavity surrounded by matrix that contains calcium and collagen
protection and support |
|
Elastic Cartilage
|
where elasticity needed
outer ear |
|
Fibrocartilage
|
vertebral discs
|
|
Simple columnar epithelium
|
single layer
goblet cells(secrete mucous) lines digestive tract |
|
simple squamous epithelium
|
one layer sits on basement membrane
filtration rapidly creates slick surface |
|
stratified squamous epithelium
|
most common stratified
esophagus, mouth, skin |
|
transitional
|
lines urinary system
stretch and change shape modified stratified squamous epithelium |