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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
selectively permeable
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it allows some things through but not all things
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filtration
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a process in which particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane
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hydrostatic pressure
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the force exerted on a membrane by water
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simple diffusion
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the net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration as a result of their constant motion
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concentration gradient
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when the concentration of a substance differs from one point to another
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osmosis
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the net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other
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saturation
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as the solute concentration rises its rate of transport through a membrane increases but only up to a point
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transport maximum
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the carriers are saturated, no more are available to handle the increased demand and transport levels off at a rate
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uniport
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carries one solute at a time
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symport/cotransport
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carries two or more solutes through a membrane simultaneously in the same direction
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antiport/countertransport
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carries two or more solutes in opposite directions
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facilitated diffusion
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the carrier-mediated transport of a solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient
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active transport
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the carrier mediated transport of a solute through a membrane up its concentration gradient using energy provided by ATP
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sodium potassium pump
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a prominent example of active transport the carrier is an enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP
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sodium glucose transport protein
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in the apical membrane, the cells have a facilitated diffusion carrier, which simultaneously binds Na+ and glucose and carries both into the cell at once
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Vesicular transport
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move large particles droplets of fluid or numerous molecules at once through the membrane
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vesicles
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a fluid filled tissue sac or an organelle such as a synaptic or secretory vesicle
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endocytosis
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vesicular processes that bring matter into a cell
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exocytosis
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those that release material from a cell
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phagocytosis
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cell eating is the process of engulfing particles such as bacteria, dust, and cellular debris
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pseudopods
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a neutrophil spends most of its life crawling about in the connective tissues by means of blunt footlike extensions
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phagosome
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a vesicle in the cytoplasm surrounded b a unit membrane
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pinocytosis
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cell drinking, is the process of taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules of some use to the cell
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pinocytotic vesicles
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these pits soon seperate from the surface membrand and form small membrand bounded in cytoplasm
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receptor mediated endocytosis
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a more selective form of either phagocytosis or pinocytosis
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transcytosis
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such transport of material across a cell
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exocytosis
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the process of discharging material from a cell
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DNA helicase
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like a zipper opens up one short segment of the helix at a time exposing its nitrogenous bases
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replication fork
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the point where the DNA is opened up like the two halves of a zipper separating
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DNA polymerase
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move along each strand read the exposed babes and like a matchmaker arrange marriages with complemetnary free nucleotides
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DNA ligase
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the segments are then joined together by another enzyme
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semiconservative replication
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each daughter DNA consists of one new helix synthesized from free nucleotides and one old helix conserved from the parental DNA
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mutations
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changes in DNA structure
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cell cycle
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four phases G1 S G2 M
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First gap phase
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an interval between cell division and DNA replication
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Synthesis phase
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in which a cell makes a duplicate copy of its centrioles and all of its nuclear DNA
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Second Gap Phase
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a relatively brief interval between DNA replication and cell division
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Mitotic Phase
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in which a cell replicates its nucleus adn then pinches in two to form two new daughter cells
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interphase
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the time between M phases
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G0
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some cells leave the cell cycle for a rest and cease to divide for days, years or the rest of ones life
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mitosis
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development of an individual composed of some 40 trillion cells from a one celled fertilized egg
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prophase
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at the outset of mitosis the chromosomes shorten and thicken, eventually coiling into compact rods that are easier to distribute to daughter cells than the long delicate chromatin of interphase
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spindle fibers
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centrioles sprout these, which push the centrioles apart as they grow
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metaphase
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chromosomes lie along the midline of cell
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anaphase
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centromeres divide into two
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telophase
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chromosomes gather at each pole of cell
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mitotic spindle
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the spindle fibers now form a lemon shaped array
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cytokenisis
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division of the cytoplasm into two cells
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growth factors
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chemical signals secreted by blood platelets, kidney cells and other sources
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contact inhibition
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the cessation of cell division in response to contact with other cells.
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