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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Skin and its accessory structures, hair and nails, along with various glands, muscles, and nerves make up the
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Integumentary system
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covers external surface of body
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skin or cutaneous membrane
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superficial thinner portion of epithelial tissue is ________, while the deeper, thicker connective tissue part is _________
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epidermis
dermis |
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Area deep to the dermis that contains areolar and adipose tissue. Not part of the skin
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Subcutaneous layer OR hypodermis
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The SQ layer, and sometime the dermis, contains pressure sensitive nerve endings called _______
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lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
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The tissue type of the epidermis is
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keratinized stratified squamous
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4 major cell types of epidermis
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keratinocytes
melanocytes Langerhans cells Merkel cells |
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90% of epidermal cells are ____________, which are in 4 or 5 layers and produce the protein ______
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keratinocytes
keratin |
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cells that produce lamellar granules that release a water repellant sealant
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keratinocytes
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brown-black pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs UV light
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melanin
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cluster to form protective veil over nucleus on skin side to shield nuclear DNA from UV light. Are also susceptible to UV damage
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melanin granules
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arise from red bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis where they participate in immune response against microbes that invade skin. Also damaged by UV light
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Langerhans cells
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Located in the deepest layer of the epidermis, where they detect different aspects of touch sensations
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Merkel cells
tactile (Merkel) disc |
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In most areas of the body the epidermis has 4 layers or strata _____, _____, _____, ______
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stratum basale
stratum spinosum stratum granulosum a THIN stratum corneum |
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Where exposure to friction is greatest, what 5 layers does the skin have?
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stratum basale
stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum a THICK stratum corneum |
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Deepest layer of epidermis that is composed of a single row of cuboidal of columnar keratinocytes. The keratin protects deeper layer from injury
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stratum basale
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The stratum basale is also known as the __________, a name that emphasizes its role in forming new cells
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stratum germinativum
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To avoid tissue rejection from a skin graft, the skin is usually taken from the same individual ________ or an identical twin _______.
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autograft
isograft |
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procedure performed for severe burns where small amounts of epidermis are removed, and the keratinocytes are cultured in lab to produce sheets of skin
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autologous skin transplantation
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Superficial to stratum basale. 8-10 layers of many-sided keratinocytes fit closely together. Also has some Langerhans cells and melanocytes
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Stratum spinosum
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middle layer of epidermis with 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis.
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stratum granulosum
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Distinctive feature of cells in stratum granulosum is the presence of dark staining granules of a protein called _______, which converts tonofilaments into keratin.
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keratohyalin
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Present in keratinocytes of stratum granulosum. Release lipid-rich secretion that fills the spaces of stratum granulosum, lucidum, and corneum. Acts as water-repellant seal which retards water loss and entry of foreign materials.
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lamellar granules
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marks the transition between the deeper metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the superficial strata.
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stratum granulosum
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present only in the thick skin of fingertips, palms, and soles.
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stratum lucidum
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25-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes. The interior of the cells contain mostly keratin.
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stratum corneum
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abnormal thickening of the stratum corneum
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callus
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The hormone-like protein ____________ is thought to contribute to skin growth
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epidermal growth factor (EGF)
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skin disorder where keratinocytes divide more rapidly than normal from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum
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psoriasis
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part of skin containing mostly connective tissue composed of collagen and elastic fibers
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dermis
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superficial part of dermis, about 1/5 of the total thickness.
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papillary region
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nipple shaped projections that increase surface area of the papillary region.
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dermal papillae
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Dermal papillae also contain nerve endings called __________ OR ________, nerve endings that are sensitive to touch.
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corpuscles of touch OR Meissner corpuscles
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Dendrites in dermal papillae that initiate signals that give rise to sensations of warmth, coolness, pain, tickling, and itching
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free nerve endings
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Deeper part of dermis consisting of dense irregular connective tissue with bundles of collagen and coarse elastic fibers
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Reticular region
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Combo of collagen and elastic fibers in the ___________ gives skin it's strength, extensibility (ability to stretch), and elasticity
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reticular region
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Extreme stretching of the dermis may produce visible tears in the dermis called _______
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striae or stretch marks
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Series of grooves and ridges that develop during the 3rd and 4th fetal months
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epidermal ridges (fingerprints)
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study of the pattern of epidermal ridges
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dermatoglyphics
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____________ are caused by sunlight and can occur in some individuals taking certain medications like erythromycin and St. John's wort, and cause redness, peeling, hives, blisters, or shock
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photosensitivity reactions
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3 pigments that add color to skin
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carotene
melanin hemoglobin |
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Synthesis of melanin occurs in the organelle _________
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melanosome
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Melanocytes synthesize melanin from amino acid ________ in the presence of enzyme tyrosinase
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tyrosine
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yellow-orange pigment that is the precursor of Vit A, which is used to synthesize pigments for vision
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carotene
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condition caused by melanocytes that are unable to produce tyrosinase
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albinism
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partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin
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vitiligo
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redness of skin from engorgement of capillaries in dermis with blood as a result of skin injury, heat, infection, inflammation, or allergic reaction.
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Erythema
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covers all parts of body except for palms, palmar surface of digits, and soles. 0.10 to 0.15mm thick
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Thin skin
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covers palms, palmar surfaces, and soles. 0.6 to 4.5mm thick. more sweat glands, but no hair or sebaceous glands
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Thick skin
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Associated with each hair follicle are _______, _______, _______
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sebaceous (oil) gland
an arrector pili muscle hair root plexus |
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Surrounding each hair follicle are dendrites of neurons called, ________ that are sensitive to touch
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hair root plexuses
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Substance that removes the hair
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depilatory
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Each hair follicle goes through a growth cycle, which consists of a _______ and _______ stage.
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growth and resting
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During the hair ________, cells of the matrix differentiate, keratinize, and die. This process forms the ______ and _______. As new cells are added at the base the hair grows longer
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growth stage
root sheath and hair shaft |
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_______ is the partial or complete loss of hair from illness, radiation, aging, genetic disorders, etc.
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Alopecia
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Around the fifth month of development, follicles produce very fine non-pigmented hair on the fetus called _____
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lanugo
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Hair on infants known as peach fuzz
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vellus hairs
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The hairs that develop at puberty, along with hair of head, eyebrows, and eyelashes is ________
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terminal hair
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Graying of hair occurs from the decline of _______, whereas white hair occurs from ________ in medullary shaft
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tyrosinase
air bubbles |
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Excessive body hair cause by an excessive amount of androgens
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Hirsutism
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_______ OR oil glands, are simple, branched acinar glands
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sebaceous glands
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Sebaceous glands secrete ______, which is made of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and inorganic salts.
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sebum
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inflammation of sebaceous glands where they become enlarged and increase production of sebum
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acne
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Sweat glands are called _____
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sudoriferous glands
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simple, coiled tubular glands that are distributes throughout skin except for lips, nail beds, glans penis, glans clitoris, labia, and eardrums. Main function is to regulate temp through evaporation
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Eccrine sweat glands
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simple, coiled tubular glands found mainly in axilla, groin, areolae, bearded regions. Do not begin to function until puberty. The glands that produce "cold sweat"
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Apocrine sweat glands
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Modified sweat glands of the external ear that produce waxy secretion
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ceruminous glands
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combined secretion of ceruminous and sebaceous glands in ear is called
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cerumen or earwax
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plates of tightly packed, keratinized epidermal cells
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nails
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______ is the portion of the nail that is visible, ______ is the part that may extend past the distal end of digit, and the ______ is the portion buried beneath a fold of skin
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nail body
free edge nail root |
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The whitish, crescent-shaped proximal end of the nail body is
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lanula
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Beneath the free edge of the nail is a thickened area of the stratum corneum called _____
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hyponychium
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Another name for nail cuticle
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eponychium
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The epithelium deep to the nail root is the ________, where cells divide by mitosis to produce growth.
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nail matrix
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hormone that aids in the absorption of calcium in foods from the GI tract into the blood. I the most active form of Vit D
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calcitriol
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In response to epidermal injury, _________ of the epidermis surrounding wound break contact with basement membrane, migrate across the wound until cells from each side of wound meet
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basal cells
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In epidermal injury, basal cells stop migrating when they encounter each other because of cell response called _______
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contact inhibition
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During wound healing- while some basal epidermal cells migrate, ____________, a hormone, stimulates basal cells to divide to replace ones that have moved into the wound
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epidermal growth factor
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4 phases of deep wound healing
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inflammatory phase
migratory phase proliferative phase maturation phase |
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During _________ phase of deep wound healing, a blood clot forms in wound and loosely unites wound edges. This phase involves _______, a vascular and cell response that helps eliminate microbes, foreign material, and dying tissue.
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Inflammatory phase
inflammation |
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Deep wound healing phase where clot becomes a scab, and epithelial cells migrate beneath the scab to bridge the wound.
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Migratory phase
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During the migratory phase of wound healing, the tissue filling the wound is called _____
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granulation tissue
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Deep wound healing phase characterized by extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath scab, deposition of collagen fibers by fibroblasts, and continued growth of blood vessels
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proliferative phase
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Deep wound healing phase where scab sloughs off once epidermis has been restored to normal thickness
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Maturation phase
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A ______ scar remains within the original wound area, a _____ scar extends beyond the original wound area
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hypertrophic
keloid |
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The epidermis is derived from ____
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ectoderm
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the dermis is derived from ________in a zone beneath the ectoderm. They undergo a process that changes them into connective tissues to form the dermis at _____ weeks
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mesodermal cells
11 weeks |
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At the beginning of the 8th week after fertilization, the ectoderm consist of _______ epithelium
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simple cuboidal
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Nails develop at around _____ weeks. Initially they consist of thick layer of epithelium called the _______
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10 weeks
primary nail field |
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The connective tissue and blood vessels associated with the glands develop from _____
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mesoderm
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By 5th month of development, secretions from sebaceous glands along with sloughed off epidermal cells mix to form a fatty substance called _______ that covers fetus, protects from constant exposure to amniotic fluid, and facilitates delivery
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vernix caseosa
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Stem cells in the _________ undergo continuous cell division to produce keratinocytes for the other layers
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stratum basale
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Smooth muscle tissue has _____ junctions, but epithelial tissue does not.
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gap junctions
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Site of elastic and collagen fibers in skin
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Dermis (as a whole)
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General site of melanin formation
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Epidermis (as a whole)
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Major skin area where derivatives (hair, nails) reside
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Dermis (as a whole)
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When tanned, becomes leather; provides mechanical strength to skin
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Dermis (as a whole)
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Strata containing all (or mostly) dead cells
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Corneum and Lucidum
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Their ducts open to external environment via a pore - 2 types
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apocrine and eccrine sweat glands
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Their secretions contain bactericidal substances
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Sebaceous glands
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Glands that become more active at puberty under influence of androgens - 2 types
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Sebaceous glands
Apocrine sweat glands |
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The ceruminous glands that produce earwax are a modification of this gland variety
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apocrine sweat glands
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Epidermal cells that aid in immune response
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Langerhan's cells
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Which epidermal layer has the highest concentration of Langerhan's cells, numerous desmosomes, and thick bundles of keratin filaments
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stratum spinosum
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Which hair colors are not produced by melanin
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white and gray
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The ________ generate nerve impulses if their hair shaft is moved
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hair root plexuses
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What is the origin site for cells directly responsible for hair growth
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matrix
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Some infants are born with fuzzy skin due to
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lanugo
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A type of tumor of adrenal gland causes excessive secretion of sex hormones, which expresses itself in females as
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male pattern baldness and hirsutism
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At the end of a hair follicle's growth cycle ______ and _______
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the follicle atrophies
the hair falls out |
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Secretion of oil is via the ________ mode
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holocrine
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Some lesions on a patients face appear as shiny raised spots, others are ulcerated with a beaded edge. What is the diagnosis?
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Basal cell carcinoma
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