Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a person's average stroke volume?
|
70 ml
|
|
Which layer over the heart is the most superficial?
|
Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium)
|
|
How does myoglobin play a role in the heart muscle?
|
When the muscle is damaged, myoglobin is released and can be detected.
|
|
What is perfusion?
|
The amount of blood flowing through a tissue
|
|
How is cardiac output measured?
|
Stroke volume * Heart Rate
|
|
Blood flows from the pulmonary veins into the _______________.
|
Left Atrium
|
|
What valve does blood pass through after the left ventricle?
|
Aortic Valve
|
|
What's another name for the tricuspid valve?
|
Right Atrio-ventricular Valve
|
|
What valve does blood pass through after the right ventricle?
|
Pulmonary Valve
|
|
Where does blood flow after the pulmonary veins?
|
Left Atrium
|
|
What is the rounded opening between right and left atria in fetal hearts?
|
Foramen Ovale
|
|
What's another name for a baby w/ a "hole in it's heart" and what is the defect?
|
Atrial Septal Defect, hole tetween atria is too big
|
|
What is a ductus arteriosus?
|
Connection between pulmony artery and aorta, found in fetuses
|
|
What is a ligamentum arteriosum?
|
Reminants of the ductus arteriosus, which connected the aorta and pulmonary artery as a fetus
|
|
What color is the blood in the umbilical vein?
|
Red
|
|
Where does the umbilical vein run to and from?
|
Placenta to baby
|
|
How many umbilical veins and arteries are there?
|
1 vein, 2 arteries
|
|
What is atherosclerosis?
|
Soft fatty plaque development in artery wall, slow/stops flow
|
|
What is coronary circulation?
|
Blood flow to myocardium
|
|
What vessel from the leg is used in bypass surger?
|
Great Saphenous Vein (medial thigh)
|
|
What is the purpose of a stent?
|
Uncoils in a blood vessel to keep it propped open and allow blood to flow
|
|
During ventricular contraction, is systolic BP measured or diastolic?
|
Systolic
|
|
Where are the two locations that BP can be taken?
|
1. Brachial Artery
2. Femoral Artery |
|
When determining hypertension, what is more important, systolic BP or diastolic? What must that number be to conclude hypertension?
|
Diastolic - >90
|
|
How many times must someone's BP be measured before determining whether or not they are hypertensive?
|
3 Times
|
|
What is an aneurysm?
|
Abnormal widening or ballooning of part of a blood vessel due to weak vessel and sometimes high BP
|
|
Other than your heart, what organ often becomes damaged in people with hypertension?
|
Kidneys - Urine may have blood
|
|
What is a normal BP for a person of 85 years?
|
140/85
|
|
What do betablockers do?
|
Allows vasodilation, good for hypertension
|
|
Hypotension can cause failure and damage in what 3 organs?
|
Brain, kidney, and liver
|
|
How can the Rh factor of a mom give the second child "bad blood"?
|
Rh (-) mom bears Rh (+) child. As a result she produces Rh (+) antibodies which lyses Rh (+) blood of next baby.
|
|
What is the medical name for "bad blood?" (2 names)
|
Hemolytic Disease of Newborn, or "Erythroblastosis fetalis"
|
|
What are three common results of erythroblastosis fetalis?
|
Low birth weight, still birth, mental deficiency
|
|
What is rhogam used for and what does it do?
|
Rhogam is used if a baby tests Rh (+) and mom is Rh (-). Stops Rh (+) antibody from forming in mom
|
|
What are the 3 forms of granulocytes?
|
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils |
|
What are the 2 forms of agranulocytes?
|
1. Monocytes
2. Lymphocytes |
|
What (granulocyte) is the most abundant in a healthy person? How does it play a role in immunity?
|
Neutrophils - they kill bacteria by phagocytosis
|
|
What (granulocyte) destroys parasites? How does it do it?
|
Eosinophils - They destroy antigen and antibody complexes
|
|
What (granulocyte) secretes heparin and histamine?
|
Basophil
|
|
What (agranulocyte) destroys by phagocytosis?
|
Monocytes
|
|
What (agranulocyte) is considered the body's "bomb" defense?
|
Lymphocytes
|
|
What are the two types of lymphocytes?
|
B-cells and T-cells
|
|
What type of cells are plasma cells, and what do they do?
|
B-cells, produce antibodies
|
|
Which cells, upon exposure to antigens, stimulate intermediate antibody responses?
|
Memory Cells
|
|
What kind of cells are memory cells?
|
B-cells, Lymphocytes, Agranulocytes
|
|
What do T-helper cells do? What kind of cells are they?
|
Stimulate proliferation, Lymphocytes
|
|
What type of molecule is an antibody? How does an antibody work?
|
Protein, Works as a missle by searching out tagged bacteria
|
|
Which types of white blood cells are comparable to "bouncers at the door" in their defense?
|
Monocytes and neutrophils
|
|
What does heparin do?
|
Anticoagulant, secretes histamine
|
|
What does histamine do?
|
Allows vasodilation
|
|
What cells does the HIV virus reside in?
|
T helper cells
|
|
What does the term "hemostasis" refer to?
|
Stopping bleeding
|
|
What is the first step in the clotting process?
|
Vascular spasm (smooth muscle and artery or vein start to contract)
|
|
Name the three steps in the clotting process.
|
1. Vascular Spasm
2. Platelet plug forms 3. Coagulation |
|
In the clotting process, what specifically happens when the platelet plug forms?
|
Platelets stick to elastic and collagen fibers
|
|
What are thrombocytes?
|
Platelets
|
|
The production of what is key to coagulation?
|
Fibrin
|
|
What traps red blood cells to form clots and scabs?
|
Fibrin
|
|
Where is fibrinogen produced?
|
Liver
|
|
What is the purpose of fibrinogen?
|
To convert into fibrin when needed
|
|
What is the biggest difference between fibrinogen and fibrin?
|
Fibrinogen is soluble and fibrin is insoluble
|
|
What is the purpose of thrombin?
|
Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
|
|
When and only when is thrombin present?
|
When platelets are exposed to damaged tissue
|
|
How many factors are needed to coagulate blood?
|
12
|
|
What is the condition where people cannot properly coagulate their own blood?
|
Hemophilia
|
|
What is a thrombus?
|
Stationary blood clot
|
|
What is an embolus?
|
Free floating blood clot
|
|
Define pulmonary embolism
|
Blood clot forms and travels to pulmonary artery and gets stuck (death)
|
|
What are 3 ways of fixing an intrinsic clot?
|
1. Fibrinolysis
2. Anticoagulants 3. Injecting large amounts of plasmin |
|
Plasmin is a ____________ that can digest clots
|
Enzyme
|
|
What cells secrete plasminogen factor and what is the effect?
|
Endothelial cells - converts to plasmin
|
|
What is the class of medication that prevents fibrin from forming?
|
Anticoagulants
|
|
How does a vaccine prepare a person's body for exposure to a certain virus?
|
Exposed body to attenuated virus (weakened), makes memory and plasma cells
|
|
What part of the brain does the vagus nerve stem from?
|
Medulla Oblongata
|
|
Saying that the heart is myogenic means what?
|
That it has its own rhythm and pumps on its own
|
|
What is bradycardia?
|
Low heart rate
|
|
What is trachycardia?
|
High heart rate
|
|
Does heart rate increase or decrease with age?
|
Decrease
|
|
What is the heart's order of impulse?
purkinje fibers, atrioventricular node, cardiac muscle cells stimulated, sinoatrial node, bundle branches |
SA node, AV node, Bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, cardiac muscle cells stimulated
|
|
On an ECG, the P-wave represents what?
|
Atrial depolarization
|
|
On an ECG, the T-wave represents what?
|
Ventricular repolarization
|
|
On an ECG, the QRS complex represents what?
|
Ventricular depolarization
|
|
What is the normal pH of blood?
|
7.35-7.45
|
|
What is the normal temp of blood?
|
100.4 F
|
|
How many L of blood does an avg person have?
|
4-6 L
|
|
55% of blood is made up of what?
|
Plasma
|
|
Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogens, and Clotting Factors are all what?
|
Plasma Proteins
|
|
What is the function of LDL's
|
Transport cholesterol
|
|
What is the function of HDL's?
|
Remove excess cholesterol from arteries
|
|
What is the main ingredient of plasma that is sought in donations?
|
Clotting factors
|
|
Where are the formed elements of RBC's created?
|
Red bone marrow
|
|
What are hemocytoblasts?
|
Stem Cells
|
|
What is the lifespan of a RBC?
|
120 days
|
|
A lack of iron will result in a lack of __________ and _____.
|
Oxygen and ATP
|
|
Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the ____________, and stimulates ___________.
|
Kidneys, production of RBC's
|
|
People with emphysema have more or less RBC's than an average person?
|
More
|
|
What is polycythemia?
|
Many blood cells
|
|
What hormone in males produces RBC's?
|
Testosterone
|
|
What is an agglutination reaction?
|
When an antigen and antibody match and clumping forms
|