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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the major difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
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endocrine glands secrete their hormones into interstitial fluid while exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts to the outside of the body
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give an example of an exocrine gland
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1. salivary gland
2. submandibular gland 3. sebacious oil gland etc. |
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What is the function of the endocrine system?
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to regulate body activity
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Name the 2 discrete endocrine glands?
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1. thyroid
2. adrenal cortex |
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Who secretes erythroppoietin?
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kidney
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who secretes ANP?
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atria
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Who secretes leptin?
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adipose cells
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Which 2 hormones does the hypothalamus produce?
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1. oxytocin
2. ADH |
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Which hormone works on many different cells as oppose to one target cell type?
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thyroid hormone
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Define circulation hormones
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hormone produced by a gland then to blood then to wherever it needs to do its job
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what does the liver eventually do to circulation hormones?
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inactivates and eliminates them
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Which 2 categories are hormones classified into?
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1. solubility
2. chemical form |
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What are the three chemical forms that hormones are divided into?
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1. proteins
2. amines 3. steroids |
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What are the 2 protein hormones?
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1. PTH
2. pituitary gland hormones |
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Which hormones are included in the amines?
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adrenal medulla hormones
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which hormones are included in steroids?
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1. sex hormones
2. adrenal cortex hormones |
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Define Local Hormones
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Hormones secreted by particular cell and change activity of cell that secreted them or a neighboring cell.
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Define autocrines
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hormones that affect the activity of the cell that secreted it
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Define Paracrines
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hormones that affect the cell activity of a neighboring cell
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What hormone is the only hormone with a positive feedback loop?
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oxytocin
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What are the 2 regions of the pituitary gland?
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1. anterior pituitary
2. posterior pituitary |
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What is another name given to the pituitary gland?
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hypophysis
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What is another name given to the anterior pituitary?
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adenohypophysis
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What is another name given to the posterior pituitary?
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Neurohypophysis
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What attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?
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infundibulum
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What is the function of the hypophyseal portal system?
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to carry out secretions from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland through veins in the infundibulum
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What is the general function of the posterior pituitary?
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to store and secrete hormones made by the hypothalamus
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What are the 2 hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary?
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1. ADH
2. Oxytocin |
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What is another name for ADH?
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vasopressin
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Where are the target cells for ADH?
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in the DCT and collecting tubule
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What is the major function of ADH?
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the reabsorption of water at the DCT and collecting duct
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What is the problem in someone with diabetes insipidus?
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they are not producing ADH
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what do large amounts of alcohol do to ADH?
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they inhibit the secretion of it
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What are the 2 functions of oxytocin?
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1. to maintain uterine contractions
2. responsible for milk let-down |
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What is the function of the hormones that are produced in the anterior pituitary?
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to regulate activity of other endocrine glands
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Define tropin
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a hormone that regulates the activity of another endocrine gland
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What controls the anterior pituitary?
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the hypothalamus
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What is the "master gland?"
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hypothalamus
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What is another name for growth hormone (GH)?
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somatotropin
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What is the function of GH?
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to stimulate body cells to grow and divide
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What are the target cells of GH?
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skeletal muscle cells and bone cells
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What hormone increases cellular uptake of amino acids?
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growth hormone
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Which hormone stimulates ANP 1 for long growth of bone?
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growth hormone
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GH mobilizes fat for _________
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gluconeogenesis
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Secretion of GH is regulated by what?
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releasing factors or inhibiting factors
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What are the secondary factors involved growth hormone?
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1. nutritional status
2. sleep 3. adolescence is when it peaks |
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When is the most GH secreted?
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during sleep
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What are the 4 disorders of growth hormone?
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1. giantism
2. dwarfism 3. acromegaly 4. progeria |
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Define acromegaly
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overproduction of GH in adults
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Define Progeria
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severe underproduction of GH in adults and children
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Give another name for thyroid stimulating hormone
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thyrotropin
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What controls the secretion of TSH?
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thyrotropin releasing factor
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What are the 2 functions of TSH?
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1. to stimulate normal development of the thyroid gland
2. to stimulate production of thyroid hormones |
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Which 6 hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?
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1. tropin
2. thyroid stimulating hormone 3. ACTH 4. follicle stimulating hormone 5. lutenizing hormone 6. Prolactin |
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What is the function of ACTH?
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to go to the adrenal cortex and stimulate the secretion of glucocorticoids
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What is the full name for ACTH?
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adrenocorticotropic hormone
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What secondary factors stimulate secretion of ACTH?
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1. low blood glucose
2. stress |
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which releasing factor controls ACTH?
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corticotropic RF
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Where is corticotropic RF secreted from?
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hypothalamus
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What releasing factor is associated with follicle stimulating hormone?
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gonadotropin
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What does FSH do in ovaries?
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1. stimulates production of estrogen
2. stimulates maturation of ovum |
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What does FSH do in Testes?
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stimulates the production of androgen binding protein, which binds to testosterone
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Which releasing factor is associated with lutenizing hormone?
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gonadotropin
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What is the function of lutenizing hormone (LH) in females?
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1. to finalize maturation of ovum
2. to maintain corpus luteum |
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What does the corpus luteum produce?
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estrogen and progesterone
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What is another name for lutenizing hormone in the male?
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interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)
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What is the function of LH in males?
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to tell testes to secrete testosterone
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What's another name for Prolactin
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lactogenic hormone
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What is the function of prolactin?
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1. to stimulate growth an development of breast tissue
2. to initiate and maintain milk secretion from mammary glands |
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what inhibits the secretion of prolactin?
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when estrogen levels are high near the end of a menstrual cycle
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What are the islets of langerhans and where are they found?
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1. alpha cells
2. beta cells 3. somatostatin pancreas |
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What is "going on" in diabetes mellitus?
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insulin is unable to be secreted or there is a deficiency of active insulin
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What re the 2 categories of diabetes mellitus?
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Type I and Type II
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What is Type I diabetes mellitus called?
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insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
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What is Type II diabetes mellitus called?
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non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
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Which diabetes mellitus is considered an autoimmune disorder?
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type I
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What cells do the antibodies involved in diabetes mellitus type I destroy?
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beta cells
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Why must you take insulin through injection and not orally???
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because the gastric juices would denature the insulin
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