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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does CNS stand for?
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Central nervous system
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What does PNS stand for?
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Peripheral Nervous System
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What does the CNS include?
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The brain and spinal cord
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What does the PNS include?
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cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, skin, and enteric plexuses
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What organ contains the most receptors?
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the skin
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What does ENS stand for?
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Enteric Nervous system
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Where can you find the enteric plexuses?
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In the small intestine
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What are the 3 types of neurons in terms of their function?
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1-sensory neurons
2-Motor neurons 3-Intermediate/relay/interneuron |
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Where are the intermediate/relay/interneurons usually found?
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In the CNS
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What are the afferent neurons?
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sensory neurons
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What type of functional neuron is this?
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Motor neuron
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Which neurons are efferent?
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Motor neurons
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Define Ganglia
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Collections of neuron cell bodies
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What is the ratio of neuroglia to cell bodies?
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1 cell body for every 9 neuroglia
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Define neuroglia
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Nervous system cells
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Define a bipolar neuron
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There is one dendrite and 1 axon
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What is another name for neuroglia?
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Glia
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Define a multipolar neuron
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There is one axon and several dendrites attached to cell body
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define unipolar neuron
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Have dendrites and one axon that are fused together
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Where would you find multipolar neurons?
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in the brain and spinal cord
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Where would you find bipolar neurons?
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in the retina of the eye, in the inner ear, and in the olfactory area of brain
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Where will you find Purkinje cells?
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in the cerebellum
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Where will you find pyramidal cells?
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in the cerebral cortex of the brain
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What are the 4 functions of astrocytes?
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1- Maintain blood-brain barrier
2-Create 3-D framework for CNS 3-Perform repairs guiding neuron development 4-Control composition of extracellular fluid |
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What is the function of Olgiodencytes?
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Myelination of neurons in the CNS
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What is the purpose of myelination of neurons?
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it insulates the neuron
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Define Microglia
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Specialized immune cells of the CNS
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What are the 2 functions of ependymal cells?
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1-to line the chambers and passage filled with CSF
2-to assist in the circulation of CSF |
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What is the function of Schwann cells?
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Myelination of neurons in PNS
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What does "gray Matter" represent?
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Unmyelinated regions of the brain or spinal cord
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What does "White Matter" represent?
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Myelinated regions of the brain or spinal cord
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What is the difference in how the gray and white matter is distributed in the spinal cord and the brain?
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Spinal Cord: Gray matter is central
Brain: White matter is cenral |
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Define Driving Force
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Natural tendency of flowing to and from cell body by concentration gradient
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What are the 4 types of membrane channels?
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1-Leakage Channel
2-Voltage-gated Channel 3-Ligand-gated Channel 4-Mechanically-gated ion Channel |
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Define Voltage-gated Channel
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It responds to a direct change in membrane potential
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When is an active transporter used as a bilayer channel?
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If ions are needing to go against the natural flow
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When is a passive transporter used as a bilayer channel?
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If ions just need a passageway to flow through
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At resting potential, what charge does the intermembrane of the excitable cell have?
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Negative
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At resting potential, what charge does the outermembrane of the excitable cell have?
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Positive
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Define Ligand-gated Channel
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Channel that opens and closes in response to chemical messenger stimulus by binding to the gate to open it.
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Define Ligand
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Chemical messenger that results in neuron excitability
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What are the two ways that axonal transport happens?
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1-Slow Axonal Flow
2-Fast Axonal Flow |
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Explain what happens with slow axonal flow
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1-movement is in one direction: away from cell body
2-moves only 1-5 mm a day |
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Explain what happens in fast axonal flow
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1-movement of organelles and materials along surface of microtubules
2-moves at 200-400 mm a day 3-Transports in either direction |
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What is the Leakage channel mostly used for?
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Much more of Potassium(K) than for Sodium(Na)
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What does the Ligand-gated channel respond to?
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a specific chemical stimulus
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What does a mechanically-gated channel respond to?
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a mechanical vibration or pressure
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what are the structures called that are between axons?
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Nodes of Ranvier
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What are the 3 "types" of axons?
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Type A
Type B Type C |
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Which is the fastest type of axon?
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Type A
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Which is the biggest type of axon?
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Type A
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Which is the unmyelinated axon?
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Type C
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Which is faster, continuation or saltatory conduction?
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saltatory
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Define Agonist
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Anything that enhances a transmitter's effects; Excites
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Define Antagonist
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Anything that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter; inhibits
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When the word "potential" is said, what other word should come to mind?
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Voltage
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Is CO an antagonist or agonist?
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antagonist
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Define Synapse
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Gap between cells
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Which type of channel is necessary to respond to neurotransmitters?
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Ligand-gated channels
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What type of messenger is the neurotransmitter?
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chemical messenger
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Define Receptors
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Structures to which chemical messengers combine in a lock and key fashion
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Define Bind (in reference to the synaptic nerve)
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The act of a chemical messenger occupying the binding site of a receptor
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Define reuptake
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(endocytosis) A mechanism used to take extra neurotransmitter back to presynaptic cell
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What is the potential energy difference at resting potential?
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-70mV
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Give 2 reasons why resting membrane potential exists
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1-Concentration of ions is different inside then it is outside
2-Membrane permeability differs for sodium and potassium. |
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How much greater is potassium's permeability than sodium's?
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50-100 times
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Define Hyper-polarization
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the membrane has become more negative than at resting potential
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Define Depolarization
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The membrane has become more positive than at resting potential
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Finish the sentence: There is a direct relationship between the strength of the stimulus and the__ _ __ ____ ___
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size of the voltage change
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Where do graded potentials occur most often in the neuron?
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in the dendrites and cell body of the neuron
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Define Action Potential
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A series of rapidly occurring events that change and then restore the membrane potential of a cell to its resting potential.
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What is the phase called when ion channels open and sodium rushes in?
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Depolarization
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What is the phase called when ion channels open and potassium rushes out?
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Repolarization
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What are the 2 gates in the sodium channel?
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1-activation gate
2-deactivation gate |
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During the resting state which gates are open?
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neither. Both are closed.
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During the depolarization phase, which gates are open?
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The sodium gate is open.
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During Repolarization phase which gates are open?
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potassium gate is open.
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Which gates are open while repolarization phase is continuing?
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neither. Both are closed.
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What are the 2 types of refactory periods?
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1-Absolute refactory period
2-Relative refactory period |
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What happens if an absolute refactory period happens?
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another activation can't happen
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What happens is a relative refactory period happens?
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The inactivation gate is open and the cell is ready to fire again.
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What tool gets the state back to resting potential?
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the sodium/potassium pump
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Define Spatial Summation
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When the post-synaptic neuron receives chemical messages from pre-synaptic neuronS
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Define Temporal summation
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the times that a presynaptic neuron gives bursts to post-synaptic neuron.
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Define EPSP
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Excitatory post synaptic potential.
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Define Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential.
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Depolarizing post-synaptic potential that results from the opening of a ligand-gated sodium channel(s)
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Define IPSP
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Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential
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Define Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential
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Results from the opening of ligand-gated Cl- or K+ channels
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What are the 4 different potential circuits?
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1-Diverging
2-Converging 3-Oscillatory or reverberating 4-Parallel after-discharge |
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Explain a converging circuit
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One cell is stimulated by many others
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Give an example of a converging circuit seen in the body
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the bipolar cells of the eye converging unto ganglion cells
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Explain Diverging circuit
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A single cell stimulates many others
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Give an example of a diverging circuit seen in the human body
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In visual circuitry (the eyes)
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Explain Oscillatory or reverberating circuit
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Impulses from later cells repeatedly stimulate early cells in the circuit.
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Give a couple of examples of reverberating or oscillatory circuits seen in the body
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1-waking
2-sleeping 3-short-term memory 4-breathing |
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Explain Parallel after-discharge circuits
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A single cell stimulates a group of cells that all stimulate a common post synaptic cell
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When would you use a parallel after-discharge circuit?
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When attempting a math problem.
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If a nerve is damaged, which part of the nerve is usually the damaged part?
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the axon
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How far does retrograde degeneration extend?
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to the first neurofibril node
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Define Wallerian Degeneration
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Degeneration of the distal portion of the axon and myelin sheath
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Define Chromatalysis
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Break down of Nissl bodies into fine granular masses
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