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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anatomy vs. Physiology |
Body structure vs. Body function |
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Gross Anatomy |
What can we see w/ the naked eye? |
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Cytology vs. Histology |
Studying cells vs. studying tissues |
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Superior/Inferior |
Up/Down |
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Medial/Lateral |
Towards the middle/towards the side |
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Anterior/Posterior |
Front/Back |
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Proximal/Distal |
Towards torso/away from torso |
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Coronal Transverse Midsagittal |
Divides body into: Front/Back Upper/Lower Left/Right |
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Homeostasis |
"Tendency to maintain stable internal environment despite continuously changing outer environment" |
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"Antagonistic homeostatic control" |
Two antagonistic systems balance each other out to maintain homeostasis Ex. Insulin, Glucagon, and body glucose levels |
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Insulin |
Lowers glucose levels by encouraging glucose uptake in most cells and promoting glycogen formation in the liver |
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Glucagon |
Raises glucose levels by breaking down glycogen stores in the liver |
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Order of reaction to stimulus |
1. Stimulus 2. Receptors 3. Control center 4. Effectors 5. Response |
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Setpoint |
The point at which homeostasis exists. NOTE: the set point can change Ex. acclimation to altitude = More RBCs |
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Feedback |
When a system's output is returned to its input to affect future output |
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Neg. Feedback vs. Pos. Feedback |
Shuts down input/Further stimulates input |
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Neg. Feedback |
When output opposes further action on the input. Most common feedback loop: prevents sudden changes in the body. Ex. blood glucose system |
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Pos. Feedback |
When output amplifies stimulus, causing increased input. Causes sudden bodily change that are short-lived Ex. contractions during childbirth NOTE: Pos. Feedback loops cannot terminate themselves |
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Plasma Membrane: Functions |
1.Physical barrier 2. Selective permeability 3. Intercellular communications 4. Anchoring to other cells |
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Membrane Transport |
Transport of gases and/or molecules across a cell membrane |
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Paracellular vs. Transcellular transport |
Para - between two cells Trans - directly through a cell |
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Passive vs. Active transport |
Passive - no ATP required Ex. diffusion, channel & carrier mediated Active - ATP required |
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Passive Transport |
Uses only the energy from the concentration gradient (Hi to Lo) |
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Active Transport |
Requires energy to move against the concentration gradient (Lo to Hi) |
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Simple Diffusion |
Random spread of molecules until concentration gradient achieved throughout NOTE: diffusion rate inversely proportional to molecule size and membrane permeability |
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Osmosis |
Diffusion of water over selectively permeable membrane NOTE: affected by presence of solutes |
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Facilitated Diffusion |
Diffusion across a membrane, facilitated by carrier proteins. |
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Bulk Filtration |
Everything in a solution moves in one direction |
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Ion Channels |
Channel proteins specifically for passive transport of ions NOTE: very fast |
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Mechanisms for opening ion channels |
1. Voltage 2. Intra- or extra-cellular ligands/keys 3. Mechanically opened |
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Transport-Carriers |
Carrier proteins designed for active or passive transport; not very fast NOTE: works like the Panama canal |
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Occlusion State |
The state when a transport-carrier proteins in closed on both sides of the membrane |
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3 Types of transport carrier: |
Uniport (one way) Symport (two-lane) Antiport (two-way) |
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Primary Active Transporter |
Requires ATP to transport against gradient Ex. Na/K transporter |
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Secondary Active Transporter |
Uses the energy of other molecules traveling down concentration gradient to transport target molecule against gradient Both symport and antiport can be secondary Ex. Na/Glucose symport transporter |
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Why have active transporters? |
Pumps help maintain gradients, which keep cells and body working. Allow gradient to equalize, and everything stops working |
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Tissue |
A group of cells performing similar functions, with similar structure and extracellular matrix composition |
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Organ |
A collection of different tissues. Ex. the skin |
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Types of Tissue (4) |
1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscular 4. Skeletal |
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Function of Epithelial Tissue (4) |
1. Physical protection 2. Selective permeability 3. Secretions 4. Sensation (ex. touch) |
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Types of Epithelial Tissue (5) |
1. Exchange 2. Transport 3. Ciliated 4. Secretory 5. Protective |
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Modes of Secretory Epithelial Tissue (3) |
1. Apocrine (Half-cell) 2. Merocrine (Vesicles) 3. Holocrine (Complete cell) |
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Types of Intercellular Junctions (4) |
1. Tight (seals apical surface) 2. Adhering (holds cells together) 3. Desmosomes (holds cells together) 4. Gap (Cell communication) |
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Functions of Connective Tissue (6) |
1. Protection 2. Structural support 3. Binding things together 4. Transport 5. Storage 6. Autoimmunity |
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Types of Connective Tissue (4) |
1. Proper (Aerolar/Adipose Loose, Reg/Irreg/Elastic Dense) 3. Supporting (Hyaline/Fibro-/) 4. Fluid (Blood) |
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Types of Muscle Tissues (3) |
1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth |
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Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Tissue |
Striations, straight fibers w/ multiple nuclei |
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Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Tissue |
Striations, intercalcating discs, branching fibers |
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Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Tissue |
Flat muscle cells, no striations |
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Types of Cell Aging (5) |
1. Metaplasia (new tissue type) 2. Hypertrophy (cell size) 3. Hyperplasia (cell number) 4. Neoplasia (a tumor) 5. Atrophy (less tissue) |
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Metaplasia |
One type of tissue gets replaced with another Ex. Simple Columnar with Stratified Squamous in smokers |
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Hypertrophy |
Increase in existing cell's size (ex. cardiac/muscular hypertrophy) |
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Hyperplasia |
Increase in the number of cells in a tissue |
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Neoplasia |
Uncontrollable cell growth, resulting in new tissue (a tumor) |
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Atrophy |
Decrease in size of a tissue, either due to smaller cells or less cells |
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Types of Cell Death (2) |
1. Apoptosis (Intended) 2. Necrosis (Unintended) |
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Major Mineral in Bone? |
Hydroxyapatite |
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Functions of Skeletal System (4) |
1. Structure, protection, and support of other organs 2. Attachment sites for muscles 3. Calcium and phosphate homeostasis 4. Blood cells and stem cell production |
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Mechanical Properties of Bone |
Elastic Yield point Plastic Failure point/Failure |
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Hysteresis |
When a load enters the plastic region and then is lifted. |
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Anisotrophy |
Property of how bone strength varies with direction of load on bone (ex. longitudinal vs. perpendicular to bone) |
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Types of Forces on Bone (2) |
1. Tension 2. Compression NOTE: exerted on side of the bone; inside is hollow/spongy bone |
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Osseous bone structure, from interior to exterior |
Osteon (Central canal, concentric lamellae, canaliculi, lacunae), interstitial lamellae, circumferential lamellae |
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What are perforating canals? |
They connect two or more central canals. |
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Bone cells (3) |
1. Osteoblast (create) 2. Osteocyte (maintain) 3. Osteoclast (destroy) |
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Long bone structure (3) |
1. Epiphysis (bone growth plate) 2. Metaphysis (whatever's not epi- or dia-) 3. Diaphysis (the main shaft) |
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Trabeculae |
The narrow plates of bone that make spongy bone. |
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Functions of Cartilage (3) |
1. Support of soft tissue 2. Joints/Articulations 3. Precursor for bone growth |
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Types of Cartilage (3) |
1. Hyaline Cartilage (clear rubbery cartilage found between most long bone joints) 2. Fibrinous Cartilage (tough cartilage found between other bones, like the vertebrae) 3. Elastic Cartilage (wherever elasticity is needed, like the ears and nose) |
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Two types of cartilage growth |
1. Interstitial (inside out) 2. Appositional (outside layer) |
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Why does cartilage heal slowly? |
It is avascular, so it takes a while for necessary materials to reach the injury. Fibrocartilage also replaces hyaline cartilage as scar tissue |
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Bone Development Types (3) |
1. Intramembraneous ossification (growth of skull bones in babies) 2. Endochondrial ossification (new bone from epiphyseal plate) 3. Calcification (depositing of calcium into tissues) |
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Hormones that control Calcium Homeostasis |
1. Parathyroid hormones (released when Ca is low; breaks down bone) 2. Calcitonin (release when Ca is high; decreases bone reapsorption) |
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Bone Remodeling |
Normal process where old bone is broken down and replaced with new bone. |
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Bones in Skull? |
8 Cranial bones, 14 Facial |
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Bones in Ribs? |
1-7 Real ribs, 8-12 False ribs, 11-12 Floating ribs |
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Bones in vertebrae? |
7 in Cervical area, 12 in Thoracic area, 5 in Lumbar, 1 in adult Sacrum, 1 in adult Coccyx |
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Foramen Magnum |
Foramen (hole) through which nerve cord enters the skull. NOTE: placement of FM can indicate bipedalness |
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Sutures in cranium? |
1. Coronal (frontal/parietal) 2. Sagittal (Two halves of parietal) 3. Lamboidal (parietal/occipital) 4. Squamous (parietal/temporal) |
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Sternal Foramen |
A hole in the xiphoid process that sometimes appears |
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Parts of the sternum (3) |
1. Manubrium (where collarbones meet sternum)
2. Body (the middle part) 3. Xiphoid process (the bottommost part) |
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Costal cartilage |
The cartilage that links most of the ribs to the sternum |