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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc
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Focuses on discrimination in employment and housing, and abuses in the judicial system.
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Injuctions
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A court order preventing someone from violating someone else's rights.
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Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
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These acts promised heavy fines and imprisonment for those guilty of writing or speaking anything false, scandalous, or malicous against any government official.
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USA Patriot Act of 2011:
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jol
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Civil Rights:
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Legal protections against discrimination because of race, religion, ethnicity, or gender.
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Fourteenth Amendment:
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Amendment that has been used to extend the protections in the bill of rights to actions by state and local governments and by private individual and groups.
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Equal Protection
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A clause in the fourteenth amendment used to prevent state officials and others from engaging racial or sex discrimination.
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Preferred Freedoms
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The liberties necessary for a democracy to function
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Complete Incorporations:
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A judicial position that the entire Bill of Rights was extended beyond the federal government by the Fourteenth Amendment, and thus applies to the individual states.
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Zone of Privacy:
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Shields individuals from government monitoring of their phones and computers, homes and bedrooms.
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Grutter v Bollinger:
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Affirmative action case; A student argued that because the University of Michigan admitted less qualified students she was denied a place. The school was trying to increase educational diversity; using race violated white students constitutional right to equal treatment. In June 2003 the law schools affirmative action case was supported as a way of promoting diversity in their student body.
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Presumptive Legislation Rationality
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The laws dealing with economic issues are routinely approved by the judiciary under this.
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Plessy V. Ferguson:
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Upheld Louisianas right to require racial segregation in railway cars.
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Civil Libertarians
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Activist judges who issue decisions in class action suits in which lawyers bring a case to court not only for their individual clients but also on the behalf of everyone in a similar situation
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Private Attorneys General:
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Organizations created to support the rights of individuals and groups; funded by foundations, wealthy donors, and members' dues. Example: American Civil Liberties Union
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Miranda V. Arizona:
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The supreme court held that once an investigation by police focused on an accussed person that person has to receive the following warning: You have the right to remain silent, anything you say may be used against you in a court of law, you have the right to be represented by an attorney of your choice.
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Gag Rule
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preventing antislavery petitions from being receive by Congress.
what about age? |
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Civil Liberties:
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Legal protections against discrimination because of race, religion, ethnicity, or gender
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Due Process:
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A phrase in the fourteenth amendment used to incorporate freedoms of the bill of rights to cover states actions, including the rights to procedural fairness and impartiality.
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Partial Incorporations:
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Judicial position that believes only major rights such as the first amendment freedoms, should be included in the Fourteenth Amendment and applied to the states.
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First Amendment freedoms
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Freedoms of religion, speech, press and assembly.
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Affirmative Action
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An effort to remove the effects of discrimination by requiring and expanding minority job, admission, and promotion opportunities.
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Suspect Classification
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A judicial doctrine that laws involving race, religion, or ethnicity wil be subject to close scrutiny by the courts because they are presumed invalid.
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Close Scrutiny
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Looking at something very carefully
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Brown v Board of Education:
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The supreme court held that schools segregated by race were unequal and violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
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Univeristy of California Regents v Bakke
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The Supreme Court upheld the principle of affirmative action, holding that it was a "State interest" to provide for diversity among medical students.
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Oncale v Sundowner:
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The supreme court declared that the law included sexual harassment even if both parties were men or the same sex.
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American Civil Liberties Union
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An organization that defends against hysteria of "red scares" and has fought against wiretapping, surveillance, and "Dirty tricks" by law enforcement agencies
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