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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Heredity
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The transmission of characteristics from parents to offsprings.
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Difference between characteristic and trait.
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Characteristic - Category (Ex: Height) - a gene
Trait - Options (tall or short) - the alleles (T or t) |
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Pollination
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When pollen from from male flow is transferred to a female flower.
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Anthers
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Male flower reproductive system
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Self-Pollination
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Pollen is transferred from the anther of a flower to the stigma of either the same flower or a flower of the same plant.
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Cross-pollination
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Flowers of two separate plants
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Stigma
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Female reproductive part.
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Gene
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Short segment of DNA that codes for a particle characteristics, that can have different traits
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p1 Generation
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Parental generation
P1 x P1 : cross pollinated Height: (tall) (short) |
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F1
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Offspring of the P1 generation, he first filial generation.
all were tall F1 x F1 : self pollinated |
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f2
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Self pollinated f1, second filial generation.
Ratio: 3:1 Tall:Short |
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Mendal factors know as?
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Alleles
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Law of segregation
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Pairs of alleles separate- Happens in anaphase 2.
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Dominate
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Masked, or dominated, the other factor for a specific characteristics
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Recessive
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Trait that did not appear.
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Law of Independent Assortment
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Alleles for different characteristics align on their own if found on separate chromosomes. Otherwise, they line up together. Happens during metaphase I.
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Genotype
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Genotype - The genetic makeup of an organism.
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Phenotype
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Phenotype - The appearance of an organism
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Homozygous
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Homozygous - When both alleles of pairs are alike.
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Heterozygous
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Heterozygous - When the two alleles in the pair are different.
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Test-cross
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Test-cross - Taking an individual unknown genotypical and cross it with homozygous recessive.
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Incomplete
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Incomplete - When there is a third phenotype in between the extremes.
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Codominance
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Codominance - Two dominate alleles, an ‘ to mark the second allele.RR -> RED RR’ -> Both
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Probability
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Number of times an event is expected to happen
Number of opportunities for an event to happen. |
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Law of independent assortment only work if the gene
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is found far apart.
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Crossing over does not create
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new genes or delete old ones.
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Greater map unit =
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great chance of crossing over or separated.
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Map Unit is
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distance on chromosomes.
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Germ cell mutation doesn't affect
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the organism but is passed on to offspring.
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Somatic cell mutation would affect
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organism not offspring.
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Mutations are
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not always negative.
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Positive mutations
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increase reproduction success, increases fitness.
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Negative mutations
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decrease reproduction success, decrease fitness.
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Deletion
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whole hunch of chromosome is lost.
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Inversion
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Piece of chromosome comes off flips and goes back in. Reverse order.
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Translocation
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One side broke off and other side does not.
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Nondisjunction
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Meiosis messes up either the homologous chromosome doesn't separate or sisters does not separate.
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Gene mutation
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Segments of DNA messing with the order of nucleotide
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Point mutation
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Messing with one nucleotide in the stand. Take it out, put in another, substitute it.
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Frame shift mutation
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Include addition, deletion
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Sickle cell anemia
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Substitutes adenine for thymine for single DNA codon.
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Law of independent assortment only work if the gene
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is found far apart.
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Crossing over does not create
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new genes or delete old ones.
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Greater map unit =
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great chance of crossing over or separated.
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Map Unit is
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distance on chromosomes.
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Germ cell mutation doesn't affect
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the organism but is passed on to offspring.
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Somatic cell mutation would affect
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organism not offspring.
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Mutations are
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not always negative.
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Positive mutations
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increase reproduction success, increases fitness.
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Negative mutations
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decrease reproduction success, decrease fitness.
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Deletion
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whole hunch of chromosome is lost.
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Inversion
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Piece of chromosome comes off flips and goes back in. Reverse order.
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Translocation
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One side broke off and other side does not.
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Nondisjunction
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Meiosis messes up either the homologous chromosome doesn't separate or sisters does not separate.
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Gene mutation
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Segments of DNA messing with the order of nucleotide
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Point mutation
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Messing with one nucleotide in the stand. Take it out, put in another, substitute it.
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Frame shift mutation
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Include addition, deletion
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Sickle cell anemia
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Substitutes adenine for thymine for single DNA codon.
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Pedigree
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Shows how a trait is inherited over several generations.
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Individuals who have one copy of a recessive autosomal allele are called?
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Carriers
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Diseases or debilitating conditions that have a genetic basis
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Genetic dissorders
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Controlled by a single allele of a gene. Ex:
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Single-Allele traits
Hungtingtons |
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Short section of DNA that is known o have a close association with a particular gene located nearby.
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Genetic Marker
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Controlled by three or more alleles of the same gene that code for a single trait. Ex:
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Multiple-Allele Traits
Blood type |
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A trait that is controlled by two or more genes. Ex:
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Polygenic trait
Skin color |
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Examination of a persons genetic makeup.
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Genetic Screening
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Medical guidance that inform them about problems that could affect their offspring
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Genetic counseling.
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Physician removes a small amount of amniotic fluid.
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Amniocentesis
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Physician obtains a sample of the chorionic villi.
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Chorionic villi sampling
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Genetic disorder in which the body cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine.
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Phenylketonuria
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Disorders due to nondisjuntion
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Klinefelters, Turner's Syndrome, Trisomy 21(Down Syndrome)
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what does a single Y chrom lead to
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Death
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Single trait Disease
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Huntington disease
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X linked trait diseases
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Colorblindness, Hemophilia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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Sex influenced diseases
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Pattern Baldness
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