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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Aging is easier for women |
•Familial roles are continuous •Closer family bonds--->Strong support system •Anticipatory socialization |
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Aging is easier for men |
•Financial security •Easier aging standards •Lower incidence of chronic illness |
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3 Views od Ethnicity & Aging |
1) Double Jeopardy (-) 2) Aging as a leveler (neutral) 3) Ethnicity as a resource (+) |
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Modernization Theory |
More negative attitudes and views of elderly are due to industrialization. |
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Development |
Age related change in body or behavior. Improvement, deterioration, or neither. |
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Paul Baltes 4 Key Features |
1) Multi-directionality 2) Plasicity 3) Historical context 4) Multiple causation |
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Forces behind development |
•Biological •Psychological •Socio-cultural •Life-cycle forces |
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Primary Aging |
Gradual, inevitable body deterioration throughout life |
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Secondary Aging |
Aging resulting from disease and poor health. |
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Determinants of Adult Developmental Change |
•Normative Age-Graded Factors •Normative History-Graded Factors •Non-Normative Events |
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Normative Age-Graded Factors |
Major developmental events occurring at same age (with some variation) in most individuals |
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Normative History-Graded Factors |
Developmental influences related to major world events. |
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Non-Normative Events |
Individual variations to aging resulting from idiosyncratic experiences. |
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•Nature vs Nurture •Universe vs context specific •Stability vs change •Continuity vs discontinuity •Passive vs active |
Theoretical issues in adult development |
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Chronological Age |
Number of years since birth. Simple, most used |
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Biological age |
The state of vital organs and over all health |
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Psychological health |
Adaptive capacities of individual. |
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Socio-Cultural Health |
Health with respect to social rules and expectations |
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External Validity |
Degree to which research can be generalized to other people and settings. |
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Internal Validity |
Degree to which research ;leads to an unambiguous solution. |
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Threats to internal validity |
•History •Practice •Instrumentation •Experimental Morality |
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Developmental research designs |
•Cross sectional •Longitudinal •Sequential |
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Average Longevity |
Age at which 1/2 the population of a given birth year have died. |
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Maximum longevity |
Oldest age an individual from a species lives |
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Programmed theories |
Emphasize genetic component of aging |
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Hayflick Limit |
Cells can undergo only a certain number of divisions before apoptosis |
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Autoimmunity |
Immune system creates antibodies that attack healthy cells |
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Wear and Tear Theories |
Like machines, humans undergo wear and damage as time goes on |
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Cellular Theories |
Focus on mutations and a buildup of waste products |
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Telomere shortening |
With each division, telomeres shorten and eventually are unable to replicate. |
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Cross-linking of Collagen |
Aging is a result of glucose binding to proteins, resulting in stiffening of the body. |
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Free Radicals |
As molecules within the body undergo reactions, free radicals are created and then those free radicals react with other molecules. |
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Acuity |
Sharpness; keenness. Decreases with age |
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Presbyopia |
Farsightedness |
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Arteriosclerosis |
Stiffening of the artery |
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Artheriosclerosis |
The buildup of fat on the walls of arteries |
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Heart failure, stroke |
Blockages in coronary artery lead to __________, while blockages in arteries leading to the brain cause _______. |
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Structural Imaging |
Static, highly detailed snapshots of anatomical features |
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Functional Imaging |
Monitors dynamic activities of brain concurrent with behavior |
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Neuroscience Perspectives |
•Neuropsychological •Correlational •Activation Imaging |
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Neurofibrillary Tangles |
Tangles developed in axon fibers. primary cause of Alzheimer's |
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Plaques |
Buildup of dead neurons |
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Decrease in both of these neurotransmitters with age |
Dopamine and Acetylcholine |
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Shrinkage occurs in these three brain areas |
•Prefrontal Cortex •Hippocampus •Cerebellum |
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White Matter Hyper-intensities |
Indicates myelin loss or atrophy; causes hypertension |
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Plasticity |
Interactions between brain and environment |
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•Men are more susceptible to disease •Men live worse lifestyles (Drinking, smoking, diet) •Men are risk takers •Men are affected more by stress |
Why women live longer |
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•Be conscientious •Happiness in marriage •Parents don't divorce •Work late into life |
Advice for Longevity (Friedman & Martin) |
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•Farming Background •Born between Sept-Nov •Born to a young mother •Parental Longevity* |
Exceptional Longevity |
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Frailty |
Found in 5-10% of adults over 70 |
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Birren Study |
Differentiated between primary aging and disease (secondary aging) |
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Stress |
Physical & psychological reactions to certain demanding situations |
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Stressor |
Cause of stress |
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•Lowered immune system •Increased BP •Increased cholesterol |
Physical effects of prolonged stress |
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Heart disease |
Anger and hostility (Type A) is a major predictor of |
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Simple Life Events Model of Stress |
•Stress can be external or internal. •Daily hassles add up to much of our stress. How they are handled is a good determinant of morale and life satisfaction |
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Critiques of Simple life Events Model |
•Ignores individual experience and reaction •Ignores age, health, and timing |
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Cognitive Model of Stress |
Subjective perception is very important to coping with stress. Primary and secondary appraisals. |
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Primary Appraisal |
Is this event something that us stressful? |
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Secondary appraisal |
Can I handle this stressful event |
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Problem focused coping strategies |
Attempts to modify, reduce, or eliminate stressors |
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Emotional focused coping strategies |
Alter emotional response to stressor |
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Kobasha Hardiness Model |
•Commitment •Courage •Control |