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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sodium Values
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136 - 145 mEq/L
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Hyponatremia Causes
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Na loss (burns, diuretic, perspiration), fluid increase, & pituitary disfunction
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Hyponatremia S/S
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LOC changes, lethargic, skin & mucous dry, tachycardia, hypotension, & N/V
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Hypernatremia Causes
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Na gain, water loss, & inadequate water intake
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Hypernatremia S/S
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LOC changes, confusion, increased muscle tone, skin dry & flushed, thirsty, N/V, & edematous
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Hypernatremia Treatment
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Stop the salt by giving them isotonic or hypotonic solutions
with dietary control & diuretics |
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Hypernatremia Interventions
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monitor LOC, labs, I&O, & frequent oral care
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Potassium Functions
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cardiac, nerve, & muscle function
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Potassium Values
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3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L
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Potassium Sources
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bananas & orange juice
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Hypokalemia deficiency
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<3.5 mEq/L
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Hypokalemia S/S
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muscle cramps, irregular HR, & hyporeflexia
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Hypokalemia Interventions
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monitor VS, labs, & dietary intake
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Hyperkalemia Causes
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increased intake, decresed urinary excetion, & renal failure
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Hyperkalemia S/S
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Increases cell excitability, causing excitable tissues to respond to less intense stimuli
Causes Tall T Waves (three Ts...Tall Tented T Waves). Widened QRS, prolonged PR, flat P waves muscle weakness & tingling, bradycardia |
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Hyperkalemia Treatment
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give Lasix (potassium wastng diuretic)
limit intake If kidneys don't work, we give Kayexalate Dialysis for extreme hyperkalemia |
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Calcium Functions
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formation & structure of bones & teeth, cell membrane permeability, & blood clotting
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Hypocalcemia S/S
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muscle spasms, tetani, Chevostek's sign, Trousseau's sign, increased risk of bleeding & bruising
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Hypocalcemia Treatment
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Ca & Vit D supplements
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Hypocalcemia Interventions
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monitor cardiac functions
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Hypercalcemia Causes
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excessive intake, thyroid & parathyroid conditions, & cancer
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Hypercalcemia S/S
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Causes excitable tissues to be less sensitive to normal stimuli.
causes bradycardia that can lead to cardiac arrest. Excessive blood clotting, increased risk of DVT EKG changes, disarrythmias N/V, & flank pain, |
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Hypercalcemia Interventions
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Use calcium chelators
dialysis monitor cardiac functions (ECG and Clotting) |
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Magnesium Functions
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neuromuscular conduction, cardiac function, & blood clotting
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Magnesium Values
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1.3 - 2.1 mg/dL
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Hypomagnesemia Causes
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Mg loss, inadequate intake, steroid use
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Hypomagnesemia S/S
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disorientation, confusion, Chvostek's & Trousseau's signs, tachycardia, & sudden cardiac death
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Hypomagnesemia Treatment
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Mg w/ antacids containing Mg, IV Mg w/ a dilute
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Phosphorous Functions
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interdependent w/ Ca, required for muscle function, primary buffer to maintain urinary pH
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Hyperphosphatemia S/S
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muscle spasms, tetani, & tachycardia
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Hyperphosphatemia Interventions
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monitor respiratory, cardiac, labs, muscles, & stool colors
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Chloride Values
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98-106 mEq/L
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Hypochloremia Causes
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r/t GI loss, diuretics, & aggressive diaphoresis
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Hypochloremia S/S
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neuromuscular twitching
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Hypochloremia Interventions
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monitor respirations
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Helps preserve ECF volume & fluid distribution. Helps transmit impulses in nerve and muscle fibers; combines with chloride and bicarbonate to regulate acid-base balance"
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Sodium Na+
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Maintains cell's electrical neutrality and osmalality; Aides neuromuscular transmission of nerve impulses; Assists skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction and electrical conductivity; Affects acid base; Body cannot conserve"
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Potassium K+
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Promotes enzyme reactions within cell during carbohydrate metabolism; Helps body produce & use ATP for energy; Takes part in protein synthesis; Influences vasodilation; Regulates muscle contractions; Effects parathyroid hormone."
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Magnesium Mg+
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Helps maintain cell structure and function; plays a role in cell membrane permeability and impulse transmission; Contraction of cardiac, smooth muscle, & skeletal muscle; Participates in blood clotting process"
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Calcium Ca+
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hormone which helps regulate Sodium Balance
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Aldosterone
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What is the most abundant electrolyte in the ECF?
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Sodium
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Helps preserve ECF volume & fluid distribution. Helps transmit impulses in nerve and muscle fibers; combines with chloride and bicarbonate to regulate acid-base balance"
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Sodium Na+
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Maintains cell's electrical neutrality and osmalality; Aides neuromuscular transmission of nerve impulses; Assists skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction and electrical conductivity.
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Potassium K+
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Promotes enzyme reactions within cell during carbohydrate metabolism; Helps body produce & use ATP for energy; Takes part in protein synthesis; Influences vasodilation; Regulates muscle contractions; Effects parathyroid hormone."
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Magnesium Mg+
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Helps maintain cell structure and function; plays a role in cell membrane permeability and impulse transmission; Contraction of cardiac, smooth muscle, & skeletal muscle; Participates in blood clotting process"
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Calcium Ca+
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In the Renin Angiotensin Aldosteron System what does Aldosterone stimulate?
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Na+ and H2O retention
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What is the most abundant electrolyte in the ECF?
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Sodium
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What is Diffusion??
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Molecules (solutes) move from area of high concentration to lower concentration
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Hypernatremia- Clinical manifestations
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Hypernatremia- Clinical manifestations Decreased mental status Decreased turgor Dry skin and dry mucous membranes Thirst
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Hyponatremia- clinical manifestations
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Hyponatremia- clinical manifestations Neurological symptoms due to brain swelling Weight gain Edema Rales Abdominal cramps Low hematocrit Low BUN Orthostatic hypotension
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Trousseaus Signs
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Trousseaus Signs BP cuff inflated for 3-4 minutes hand claws up.
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Intracellular Electrolytes
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Intracellular Electrolytes potassium(K) and magnesium (Mg)
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Extracellular Electrolytes
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Extracellular Electrolytes Sodium and Chloride
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Antidiuretic Hormone - function
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Antidiuretic Hormone - function - stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water decreasing urine output, supporting BP and blood volume - stimulate peripheral blood vessels to constrict
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Question
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Answer
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IV solutionos
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d5w - isotonic
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pulse is thready and weak with __
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hypokalemia
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A person with hypokalemia is at risk for falls due to __
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ortho hypotension
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gi manifestations with hypokelamia are__
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slowed. loss of motility
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people taking __ are at risk for hyperkalemia
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diuretics
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glucose solutions with insulin are used to manage __
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hyperkalemia. it helps move k from ecf to icf.
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d10 w is
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hypertonic
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hypotonic fluids __ osmolality of the interstitial space
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decreases
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pts are at risk for __ when receiving hypertonic solutions.
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edema
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Question
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Answer
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IV solutions
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d5w - isotonic
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pulse is thready and weak with __
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hypokalemia
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A person with hypokalemia is at risk for falls due to __
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ortho hypotension
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gi manifestations with hypokalamia are__
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slowed. loss of motility
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people taking __ are at risk for hyperkalemia
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diuretics
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glucose solutions with insulin are used to manage __
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hyperkalemia. it helps move k from ecf to icf.
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d10 w is
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hypertonic
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hypotonic fluids __ osmolality of the interstitial space
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decreases
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pts are at risk for __ when receiving hypertonic solutions.
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edema
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