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259 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the body organized into anatomical systems ie skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems
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systematic anatomy
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the field of study concerned with physics related to energy and force as it applies to the human body
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biomechanics
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nearest body center or reference point
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proximal
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away from body center or reference point
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distal
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above or toward the head
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superior (cranial)
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lower than, toward the feet
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inferior (caudal)
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toward the front
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anterior (ventral)
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toward the back
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posterior (dorsal)
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closer to the midline
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medial
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away from the midline
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lateral
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three cardinal planes of the body
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sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes
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the body divided into left and right
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sagittal
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the body divided into anterior and posterior
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frontal
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the body divided into upper (superior) and lower (inferior)
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transverse
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the three axes of the body
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mediolateral, anteroposterior, and longitudinal axes
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lies perpendicular to the sagittal plane
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mediolateral
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lies perpendicular to the frontal plane
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anteroposterior
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lies perpendicular to the transverse plane
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longitudinal
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movement that decreases the joint angle (saggital plane, mediolateral axis)
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flexion
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movement that increases the joint angle (saggital plane, mediolateral axis)
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extension
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movement toward the midline of the body (frontal plane, anteroposterior axis)
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adduction
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movement away from the midline of the body (frontal plane, anteroposterior axis)
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abduction
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movement either toward the midline or away from midline (transverse plane, longitudinal axis)
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rotation
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a combo of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. describes a cone.
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circumduction
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rotational mvmt at radioulnar joint that results in palm facing down (transverse, longitudinal)
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pronation
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rotational mvmt at radioulnar joint that results in palm facing up (transverse, longitudinal)
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supination
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extension at the ankle joint
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plantarflexion
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flexion at the ankle joint
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dorsiflexion
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turning the sole of foot away from the midline
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eversion
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turning the sole of the foot toward the midline
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inversion
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includes the bones of the skull, vertabral column, ribs and sternum. supports and protects organs and provides surface area for muscle attachment
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axial skeleton
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most significant bone of the skull, orienting landmark for palpatating the carotid artery to assess pulse
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mandible
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also called the vertabral column and serves as main axial support for the body.
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spine
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Spine has 33 vertabrae including...
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7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal
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round, flat, platelike structures composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue
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invertabral discs
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the outer fibrocartilaginous portion of the disk
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annulus fibrosus
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inner gelatinous portion of the disk
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nucleus pulposus
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the invertabral disks serve to...
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absorb shock and bear weight
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the curves of the thoracic and sacral regions. the curve is posterioraly directed. these are primary curves (devolop when fetus)
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kyphosis
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the curves of the cervical and lumbar regions. anterioraly directed. these are secondary curves. (develop after fetus)
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lordosis
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commonly found abnormal curves in the saggital plane
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hyperkyphosis, hyperlordosis (exaggerated curvatures)
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commonly found abnormal curve in the frontal plane
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scoliosis (lateral deviation in frontal plane)
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the body has 12 ribs which interact with the sternum including
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7 that do and 5 that do not articulate with the sternum
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ribs 8, 9, and 10
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articulate with the costal cartilage of the adjacent superior rib
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ribs 11 and 12 are
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free from articulation
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spaces between the ribs
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intercostal spaces
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palpitation of the intercostal spaces is important for
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ECG electrode placement
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lies in the midline of the chest and has 3 parts
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sternum (manubrium, body, and xiphoid process)
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a slightly raised surface landmark where the manubrium meets the body of the sternum
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sternal angle
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a surface landmark at bottom of sternum in middle of ribcage, palpitation is neccesary for cpr.
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xiphoid process
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helps to determine proper paddle placement in defibrillation
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palpitaion of the manubrium
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includes the bones of the arms and the legs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles
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appendicular skeleton
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articulate with the sternal manubrium proximally and the scapulae distally and are superior to the first rib. palpitation helps to determine placement for ECG and difibrillation
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clavicle
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situated on the posterior of the body in the region of the first 7 ribs
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scapulae
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two important scapulae landmarks
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inferior angle (skinfold site) and acromion process (shoulder breadth measurement)
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part of upper arm that articulates with glenoid fossa, ulna, and radius
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humerus
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most easily palpable parts of the humerus. are located for elbow width measurement.
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medial and lateral epicondyles
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2 main bones of the forearm
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ulna, radius
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most prominent bony landmark of forearm
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olecranon process
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processes at the ends of the forearm which help to asssess the radial pulse.
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radial styloid and ulnar styloid processes
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comprises the bones of the pelvic girdle, thigh, leg and foot
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appendicular skeleton
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formed by the hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, and coccyx)
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pelvic girdle
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superior illiac crest and anterior illiac spine are easily palpated and serve as
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skinfold measurements
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formed by the femur and its most palpable landmark is the greater trochater on proximal lateral side
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thigh
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serves as a landmark for finding the thigh skinfold and is anterior to the knee joint
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patella
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an osseous tissue that supports connective tissue and is composed of calcium salts. relatively resistant to forces.
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bones
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bones are covered by this. isolates from tissues and provides for circulatory and nervous supply
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periosteum
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cortical and dense bones
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compact bones
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trabecular and spongy bones
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cancellous bones
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functions of bones include
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support/protection, levers, storage for calcium salts, produce red blood cells
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found in appendicular skeleton and consist of diaphysis with an ephysis at each end
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long bones
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consist of compact bone with a surrounding layer of cancellous bone and medullary cavity filled with yellow bone marrow
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diaphysis
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cancellous bone surrouned by a layer of compact bone and filled with red bone marrow
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epiphysis
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production of red and white blood cells and platelets which occur within red bone marrow
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hematopoiesis
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epiphyses are covered with ____ which facilitates joint mvmt
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articular cartilage
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junction between the epiphysis and the diaphysis, where long bone growth occurs
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epiphyseal plate
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cuboidal shape and covered with surfaces that interface with joints (ie wrist and ankle)
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short bones
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thin and broad shape (ie skull ribs and scapulae)
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flat bones
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mixed shapes (ie vertabrae)
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irregular bones
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not generally exposed outside of the body
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connective tissues
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basic components of connective tissues
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special cells, protein fibers, and ground substance
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functions of connective tissues
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support/protection, transport materials, energy reserves, regulatory functions
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wherever two bones meet
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joints
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3 structural classes of joints
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fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
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3 functional classes of joints
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immovable joints, slightly movable, and freely movable
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main types of joints are
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synovial joints
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type of joint ie (hip shoulder). circumduction, rotation, and angular
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ball and socket
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type of joint ie (wrist) circum, abd, add, flexion and extension
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condyloid
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type of joint ie (ankle) inversion and eversion
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gliding
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type of joint ie (knee, elbow) flexion and extension in one plane
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hinge
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type of joint (atlas,axis) rotates around central axis
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pivot
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type of joint ie (thumb) flex, exten, abd, add, circum, and opposition
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saddle
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boney surfaces of joint are covered by ___ and surround the joint is ____
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articular cartilage and fibrous joint capsule
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join bone to bone
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ligaments
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synovial membranes line the
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joint cavity
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provides lubrication to the joint
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synovial fluid
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reduce friction and act as shock absorbers
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bursae
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joint mvmts including extension, flexion, hyperextension, abd, and add
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angular mvmts
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joint mvmts including rotation and circumduction (rounded joints)
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circular mvmts
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joint mvmts including inversion, eversion, protration, retraction, elevation and depression
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special mvmts
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inner surfaces of the joint cavity are lined with
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synovial membranes
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provides lubrication to the joint
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synovial fluid
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some synovial joints contain ___ such as the knee
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fibrocartilaginous disks
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reduce friction and act as shock absorbers
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bursae
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decrease or increase of the joint angle; include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, and adduction
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angular mvmts
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occur at joints with rounded surfaces; include rotation, supination, pronation, and circumduction
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circular mvmts
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include inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, and depression
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special mvmts
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the outer layer that seperates the muscle from surrounding tissues and organs; converges to form tendons which attach muscle to bone
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epimysium
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the central layer thaht divides muscles into fascicles that contain muscle fibers
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perimysium
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the inner layer that surrounds each muscle fiber
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endomysium
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controls each skeletal muscle fiber
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motor neuron
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a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it inervates comprise a ___
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motor unit
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communication between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber occurs at
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neuromuscular junction
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each axon of the motor neuron ends at a synaptic knob containing the neurotransmitter
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acetylcholine (ACh)
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seperates the synaptic knob from the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle fiber
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synaptic cleft
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contains chemically gated sodium channels and membrane receptors that bind ACh.
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sarcollema
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cytoplasm of the muscle cell
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sarcoplasm
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extensions of the sarcolemma form a network called
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transverse of t-tubules
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the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium in special sacs called
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terminal cisternae
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myofibrals contain myofilaments which consist of the proteins
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actin and myosin
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myofilaments are organized into units called
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sarcomeres
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actin and myosin from ___ and slide and shorten sarcomeres
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crossbridges
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covers the actin bridging site during resting and is attached to troponin
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tropomyosin
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regulate bridging of acting and myosin for muscle contraction and relaxation
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tropomyosin and troponin
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each muscle begins at ____ ends at ____ and contracts to produce an action
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origin, insertion
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is responsible for producing a particular mvmt
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prime mover or agonist
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a prime mover that opposes the agonist
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antagonist
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assists the prime mover but is not the primary muscle responsible for the action
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synergist
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in the upper body ____, _____, ____, and _____ are important to exercise testing
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sternoclediomastoid, pec major, biceps brachii, and triceps brachii
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in the lower body ____, ____, and _____ are important to exercise testing
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glute max, quad femoris, and gastrocnemius
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a natural diagonal crease in the skin formed where thigh meets the pelvic girdle (important to exercise testing)
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inguinal crease
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lie superior to the ventricles
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atria
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marks the border between the atria and ventricles
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coronary sulcus
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the atria have thin muscular walls and when not filled with blood they are called
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auricles
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have thicker muscular walls then atria
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ventricles
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marks the boundary between the left and right ventricles
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interventrical sulcus
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lies inferiorly to the tip of the heart
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apex
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receives blood through the superior and inferior venae cavae
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right atrium
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return venous blood from thhe myocardium to the coronary sinus which opens the right atrium
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coronary veins
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communicates with the ventricle on the same side by way of an AV valve
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atrium
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right AV valve
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tricuspid valve
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left AV valve
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bicuspid (mitral) valve
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each cusp is braced by chordae tendinae which are connected to
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papillary muscles
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unoxygenated blood leaves right ventricle and flows thhrough the right pulmonic valve and into the
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pulmonary artery
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oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle flows through the aortic valve and to the
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aorta
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blood flows from the heart in this order
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superior and inferior vanae cavity, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonic semilunar valve, pulmonary arteries, and lungs
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blood flows from the lungs in this order
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left pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, ascending aorta, and systematic circulation
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muscular walled vessels tat carry blood from the heart and become arterioles then connect to capillaries
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arteries
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vesells composed of one cell layer that exchanges nutrients and waste between blood and tissues
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capillaries
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vessels that carry blood toward the heart
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veins
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small veins that carry blood from capillaries to medium sized veins
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venules
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large veins include 2
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venae cavae
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the heart circulates oxygenated blood from
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arteries to arterioles to capillaries
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deoxygenated blood circulates from
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capillaries to venules then veins which return blood to the heart
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consists of the nose and paranasal sinuses, the pharynx and the larynx
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upper respiratory tract
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consists of the trachea and the lungs including the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
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lower respiratory tract
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organs of respiration where oxygenation of blood occurs. they occupy the pleural cavities and are covered by pleural membrane
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lungs
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has three distinct lobes: superior, middle, and inferior
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right lung
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has two lobes: superior and inferior
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left lung
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extends into the base of the neck above the first rib
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apex of each lung
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rests on the diaphraghm (a respiratory muscle that separates the thoracic from abdomopelvic cavities)
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base of each lung
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air enters the respiratory system through ___ and proceeds through ____ and ______
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nares, nasal cavity, and sinuses
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air is warmed, filtered, and moistened before entering the ______ at internal nares
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nasopharynx
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line the nasal cavity and function to sweep mucus and to trap microorganisms
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cilia
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extends between the internal nares and entrances to the larynx and esophagus; shared by digestive and respiratory systems
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pharynx
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air leaving the pharynx passes through an opening in the larynx called the
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glottis
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from the larynx, incoming air enters the ____ which extends from the larynx to the lungs
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trachea
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these parts of the trachea serve to protect and maintain open airway, prevent overexpansion of respiratory system, and allow food masses to pass along the esophagus
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c-shaped cartilages
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air enters the lungs via the ______ _____ which consists of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
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tracheobronchial tree
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the trachea branches to form the right and left
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primary bronchi
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each primary bronchus enters a lung and branches into
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secondary bronchi
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further branching of bronchus turns into small units called
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bronchioles
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the smallest branches of bronchi which supply air to the lobules of the lung
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terminal bronchioles
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the lobules consist of these where actual gas exchange occurs; they are one cell layer thick and have an abundance of capillaries on the outer surface
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alveolar ducts and alveoli
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a measurement of heart rate that can be palpatated on and large of medium sized artery by using the fingertip to compress vessel and sense the pulse
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pulse
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runs along the trachea and can be palpatated inferior to the mandible and lateral to the larynx in the groove between the trachea and sternocleidomastoid muscle
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carotid artery
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runs along the medial upper arm between biceps and triceps just distal of elbow joint and can be palpatated in the groove between triceps and biceps
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brachial artery
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divides the brachial artery and continues distally along the forearm on the radial (thumb side) and is palpable at the distal lateral wrist superior to the thumb
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radial artery
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reflects hemodynamic factors, is an indirect measurement of pressure inside an artery caused by force exerted against the vessel wall, is usually measured over the brachial artery using a stethoscope
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blood pressure assessment
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a common method of estimating body fat percentage because of the assumed relationship between subcutaneous fat and total body fat
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skinfold measurements
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skinfold msmt site- diagonal fold between anterior axillary line and the nipple in men or a third of this distance for women
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chest/pectoral
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skinfold msmt- vertical fold on the midaxillary above the xiphoid process
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midaxillary
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skinfold msmt- vertical fold 2 cm to right of umbilicus
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abdominal
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skinfold msmt- diagonal fold on anterior axillary line superior to illiac crest
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suprailiac
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skinfold msmt- diagonal fold, 1 to 2 cm inferior to the scapula
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subscapular
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skinfold msmt- vertical fold on posterior midline of upper arm midway between acromion and olecranon processes
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triceps
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skinfold msmt- vertical fold on anterior arm over the belly of the muscle 1 cm above the triceps site
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biceps
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skinfold msmt- vertical fold on the anterior midline of the thigh midway between the inguinal crease and superior patellar border
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thigh
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skinfold msmt- vertical fold at the midline of the medial border of the calf at the greatest circumference
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calf
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assess the circumferential dimensions of body parts; provide indication of growth, nutrition, and fat patterning; determined using a tape measure
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body circumference or girth measurements
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provide info for determining frame size and body type; can be used to estimate desirable weight; are measured using calipers or an anthropometer
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body width measurements
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chest compressions are done with the hand on the sternal body at the xiphoid; middle finger is placed on the xiphoid notch with index next to it; the heel of the opposite hand is placed superior to the index finger
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CPR
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the upper electrode is placed just inferior to the clavicle and to the right of the sternum; the lower electrode is located at the midaxillary line just lateral to the left nipple
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defibrillation
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the study of forces and torques affecting movement and the description of the resulting mvmt
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biomechanics
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a push or pull that either produces or can produce a chance in the motion of a body
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force
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the sum of multiple forces on the body which determines the resulting change in motion
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net force
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the relation between force, torques, and mvmts were described by
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Sir Issac Newton
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states that the body will maintain its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted on by an external force
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law of inertia
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states that mvmt of a body resulting from an applied force will be proportional to the magnitude of the force, in the direction of the force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the body a= f/m
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law of acceleration
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states that when 2 bodies interact, the force from the first to the second body is met by an equal and opposite force by the second on the first. for every action there is an equal and opposite reactionn
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law of reaction
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the forces influencing mvmt can be classified as
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reaction, friction, and muscular
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abnormalities in gait can be assessed by evaluating
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ground reaction force patterns
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is influenced by the nature and interaction of contacting surfaces and the force pressing the surfaces together
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frictional force Ff=mN
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provide a pulling force on the bone
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muscles
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the rotary effect of force produced by muscles
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torque
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result from the coordinated actions of the muscles acting across a joint
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normal mvmt patterns
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result from disruptions in the coordinated muscular actions because of application of innappropriate force, etc
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abnormal mvmt patterns
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the downward direction of the force of gravity on an object
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line of gravity LOG
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the point of exact center around which the body freely rotates; body weight is equal on all sides; point of intersection of 3 cardinal body planes
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center of gravity COG
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the area of contact between the body and the supporting surface
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base of support (BOS)
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maintained when the center of gravity remains over the base of support
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balance
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the firmness of balance
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stability
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occurs when the center of gravity is closer to the base of support
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increased stability
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occurs when the center of gravity is directly placed over the base of support
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maximal stability
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the ability of any force to cause rotation to a lever
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torque
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rotation of a body segment is dependant on
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magnitude of force and distance of forces
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provides a method for altering the difficulty of an exercise when weight is applied
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changing the torque
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occurs when a freely movable object moves in a straight line when a force is applied on the center of the object and the object is free to move in a rectilinear or curvilinear path
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translatory motion
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occurs when a force is applied off center of a freely movable object and the object is free to move in a rotary path
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rotary motion
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represents the distance traveled in a period of time
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velocity
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refers to increased velocity
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acceleration
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refers to decreased velocity
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deceleration
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the mathematical product of mass and velocity of a moving object
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momentum
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a rigid bar that revolves around a fixed point or axis (fulcrum); are used with force to overcome a resistance
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levers
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the pivot point between the force and resistance (part of lever)
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axis
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the distance from the axis to the point of application of force (part of lever)
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force arm
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the distance from the axis to the resistance (part of lever)
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resistance arm
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the axis between the force and resistance arm and force arm may be greater, smaller, or equal to the resistance arm
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first-class lever
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the resistance lies between the effort force and the axis of rotation and the force arm is greater than the resistance arm
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second-class lever
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the effort force lies closer to the axis of the lever than the resistance, and the force arm is smaller than the resistance arm
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third-class lever
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occurs from repetition of the gait cycle which is the time between ground contacts of the same foot
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locomotion
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the time between ground contacts of the right heel
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stride
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measured from initial contact of one lower extremity to the point at which the same extremity contacts the ground again
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stride length
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half of a stride; one heel ground contact to other heel ground contact
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step
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60% of the gait cycle where foot is in contact with the ground
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stance
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40% of the gait cycle where foot isnt in contact with the ground
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swing
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typical walking speed in adults
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1.5m/s
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a typical stride length or cycle length
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1.5m
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a typical stride rate or cycle rate
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1 cycle
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in the frontal plane pelvic mvmt is __ cm on each side
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5
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in the transverse plane the pelvis rotates ___
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8 degrees
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parts of the stance phase in gait cycle
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heel strike, foot flat, midstance, heel off, toe off
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parts of the swing phase in gail cycle
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initial swing, midswing, terminal swing
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common causes of gait abnormalities include
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muscular weakness and neurological disorders
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can contribute to an anterior lean of the upper body at heel strike
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weakness in gluteus maximus
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decreases stabilizing function during stance phase of gait, lateral shift in pelvis
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weakness in gluteus medius and minimus
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reduces push off and thus step length on affected side
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weakness in plantarflexors
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results in slapping of foot during heel contact and increased knee and hip flexion during swing phase
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dorsiflexor insufficiency
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lead to forward lean of trunk of hyperextension of the knee joint
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weakness of quads femoris
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a neurological disorder which affects leg and arm in gait
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hemiplegia
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a neurological disorder which affects hip, knee, and shuffling step in gait
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parkinsonism
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running requires
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greater balance, muscle strength, range of motion, greater forward incline, etc
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both feet are off the ground during this phase of running
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flight phase
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the tendency of a body to float when immersed in fluid
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buoyancy
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a body immersed in fluid is buoyed up with a force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid
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archimedes principle
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result from stroke and kick and should contribute to forward progress
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propelling forces
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result from skin resistance (friction), wave resistance, and eddy current resistance
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resistive forces
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basic principles of good body mechanics:
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position close to object, COG close to objects COG, widen the base of support, position feed according to mvmt, avoid twisting, and wen possible push, pull, roll or slide instead of lifting an object
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knees slightly bent, body bent from hips, back straight, chest and head upright
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power position
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