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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name the Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms for:
Toward the Front |
Anterior (ventral)
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Name the Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms for:
Toward the Back |
Posterior (dorsal)
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Name the Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms for:
Toward the Head |
Superior
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Name the Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms for:
Away from Head |
Inferior
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Name the Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms for:
Toward the midline of the body |
Medial
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Name the Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms for:
Away from the midline of the body |
Lateral
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Name the Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms for:
Away from the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure or, or midline of the body |
Distal
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Name the Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms for:
External; located close to or on the body surface |
Superficial
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Name the Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms for:
located further beneath the body surface than the superficial structures |
Deep
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Name the Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms for:
Regional term referring to the neck |
Cervical
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What is the regional term referring to the portion of the body between the neck and the abdomen; also know as the chest (thorax)
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Thoracic
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What is the regional term refering the portion of the back between the abdomen and the pelvis
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Lumbar
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Name the term used for the sole or bottome of the feet
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Plantar
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Name the top surface of the feet and hands
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Dorsal
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Name the anterior or ventral surface of the hands
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Palmar
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What is the longitudinal (imaginary) line that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sections
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Sagittal Plane
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What is the longitudinal (imaginary) section that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts; lies at a right angle to the sagittal plane
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Frontal Plane
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What is also known as the horizontal plane; an imaginary line that divides the body or any of its parts into superior and inferior sections
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Transverse Plane
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What does Anatomical Position refer to?
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it refers to a person standing erect with the head, eyes and palms facing forward. The feet are together with the toes pointing forward and the arms are hanging by the sides.
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What are the four structural levels in the body?
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Cells, tissues, organs and systems
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What is epithelal tissue?
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a tissue that lines various body cavities
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Explain the basic order in which the cardiovascular/circulatory system works?
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Blood continuously travels a circular route through the HEART into the ARTERIES, then to the CAPILLARIES, into the VEINS, and back to the HEART.
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What is the major function of blood?
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To transport and feed virtually all tissues in the body.
(in addition it plays an importante role in temperature regulation and acid-base balance) |
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Name 3 items which the blood (plasma) carries round the body?
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Gases (Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide), Ions (sodium, chloride, bicarbonate), Hormones, Food materials (carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids)
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Name the 3 items that is carried in the blood that is not plasma?
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Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells Platelets |
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3 blood vessels in which the blood is transported throughout the body?
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Arteries and arterioles
Veins and venules Capillaries |
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Function of an artery?
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to carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart
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Function of the veins (venules)?
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to return oxygen poor blood to the heart
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Function of Capillaries?
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provides a site for gas, nutrient and waste exchange between the blood and tissues.
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What happens the the arteries when there is plaque accumulation?
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they harden and narrow decreasing the arteries ability to expand.
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In which blood vessel would you find a valve?
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Veins (this is because the veins bring the blood back towards the heart allowing the blood to flow in only one direction)
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True or False...the ventricles move the blood through the heart?
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False (the ATRIA are the recieving chambers which pump the blood through to the VENTRICLES).
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Which side of the heart recieves blood partially depleted of its oxygen?
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The RIGHT side it contains an elevated level of carbon dioxide, the heart pumps the blood through the lungs where it can release the CD in exchange for oxygen
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What is the pulmonary circuit?
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This is the circuit between the heart and the lungs where the blood releases the carbon dioxide into the lungs in exchange for oxygen and returns the newly oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart.
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What is the name for the period from beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next?
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CARDIAC CYCLE
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What is missing out of the respiratory system list below?
Nose, nasal cavity, ........., ..........., ..........., bronchi and lungs |
PHARYNX (throat)
LARYNX (adams apple) TRACHEA |
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What happens in the aveoli?
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Gas exchange occurs
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Humans normally breathe 5-6 litres of air per minute, how much is it increased to when exercising?
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20 to 30 litres
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True or False....the lungs are believed to be about the size of a Tennis court?
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True
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What does the mediastinum house?
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HEART, AORTA, ESOPHAGUS and part of the TRACHEA (the mediastinum is the space between the lungs)
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Which is the only skeletal muscle considered essential for life?
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DIAPHRAGM
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True or False....Improving respitory muscles can enhace exercise performance?
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TRUE (The respitory muscles have been known to fatigue and regular endurance exercise can increase the oxidative capacity of the resiratory muscles)
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When exerting the lungs, which accessory muscles kick in to help aid the diaphram in inhaling?
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PECTORALIS MINOR, SCALENES and STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
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During physical activity which accessory muscles kick in to help aid the diaphram in exhaling?
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RECTUS ABDOMINUS, INTERNAL OBLIQUES, SERRATUS POSTERIOR, INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS all help pull the rib cage down
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The digestive system carries out six basic processes, name them?
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Ingestion of food into mouth;
Movement of food along the digestive tract; Mechanical perparation of food for digestion; Chemical digestion of food; Absorption of digested food into the circulatory and lymphatic systems; Elimination of waste products by defecation |
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Name 4 important functions of the Lymphatic System?
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Destuction of bacteria and foreigh substances that are present in lymph nodes;
Immune responses to aid in manufacturing antibodies; Return of intertitial fluid to the blood stream; Prevention of excessive accumulation of tissue fluid and filtered proteins. |
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Where does the GI tract start and end?
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Starts at the mouth and ends at the anus
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True or False....Food in the GI tract is considered to be inside the body?
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False (it is considered as outside as the ingested food must cross the cells that line the wall of the digestive tract.
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What does the epiglottis do when food is swallowed?
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Closes of the trachea to prevent choking.
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Once a mouthful of food is swallowed what is it called?
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BOLUS
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Primary site for digestion and absoption of food?
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SMALL INTESTINE
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What is the DUODENUM, JEJUNUM and ILEUM?
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SMALL INTESTINE (it is divided into 3 segments)
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Where would you find VILLI and MICROVILLI?
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in the DUODENUM and JEJUNUM in the small intestine (the are small hairlike projections with their own network of capillaries in order for nutrients to pass through into the blood stream and body fluids
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What happens in the Large Intestine?
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Absorbtion of water and salt occurs leaving a semi solid waste.
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Which system are the kidneys related to?
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Although they are related to digestion they have their own distinct system called the URINARY SYSTEM
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Describe the kidney function?
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Elimiinates a variety of metabolic products.
Excretes and conservs water and electrolytes. Important substances are reabsorbed into the bloodstreem and any remaining fluid is transported to the bladder. |
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Total number of bones in the body?
206 216 166 |
206
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The skelaton is a storehouse for which essential minerals?
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CALCIUM
PHOSPHOROUS |
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Make up of the CORTICAL bone and the TRABECULAR bone?
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Cortical bone is the hard compact outer layer of the bone.
Trabecular bone is the honeycome like inner structure of the bone |
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Function of TRABECULAR?
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Mineral exchange
Helps to maintain skeletal strength |
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Bones which are more likely to weaken due to Osteoporosis?
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Bones that have a higher percentage of TRABECULAR bone as they are likely to fracture more easily e.g. long bones, vertebrae
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What is the other name for the epiphyseal cartilage?
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GROWTH PLATE (this area of the bone separates the diaphysis (shaft) and the epiphysis (ends) this area of cartilage leaves room for growth for children. Once fully grown it is called the epiphysis line).
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What is the outer layer of the bone called?
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PERIOSTEUM(which is well supplied with blood vessels and nerves some of wich enter the bone).
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True or False......Adult skeleton is replaced approx. every 10 years?
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TRUE
(throughout life, the human skeleton is being continuously broken down while simultaneously being restored). |
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The bone cells are continually reshaping and rebuilding, explain 2 reasons why?
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Repairs damage to old bone;
re,pves calcium, amd phosphorous whem these minerals are deficient in the diet; |
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Meaning of WOLFF's law or "form follows function'?
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This is when the skeleton is subjected to stressful forces e.g. exercies, it responds by laying down more bone tissue, thereby increasing it's density
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Type and function of the verebrae bones?
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AXIAL bone (abnormal shaped), the axial bones are important to support and protect the central nervous system and organs of the thorax.
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Number of bones in vertebrae?
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33 (7 Cervical curve, 12 Thoracic curve, 5 Lumbar curve, 5 in the sacrum, 4 fused vertebrae in the coccyx)
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What type of joint allows little or no movement between bones?
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FIBROUS (eg. skull and joint between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula)
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Most commen type of joint in the body?
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SYNOVIAL JOINT, freely moveable joint made up of cartilage, articular capsule, synovial membrance and synovial fluid.
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Where is the CARTILAGINOUS joint most commonly found?
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Vertebrae (this joint has a fibrocartilaginous pad that separates two bones).
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What is the name when two bones meet at a junction?
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Articulate
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Give another name for a hinge joint?
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Uniaxial or Uniplanar
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Which system collects information about the body's external state, analyze's this information and initializes appropriate responses?
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
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Which part of the body is the Central Nervous System (CNS) related to?
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Brain and Spinal Cord
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From which system does the CNS receive information from?
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PNS (peripheral nervous system)
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Name the two PNS (peripheral nervous system) categories?
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Sensory
Motor |