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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where is the heart located?
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situated snugly between the lungs and the mediastinum
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What is the size of the heart?
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about the size of a clenched fist
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What is the shape of the heart?
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inverted cone
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Where is the apex pointed?
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down and tilted to the left
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Where is the base pointed?
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its flat end is pointed towards the left shoulder
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Pericardium
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a double walled sac that covers the heart
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Name the parts of the Pericardium
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Fibrous Pericardium, Serious Pericardium, and Pericardial Cavity
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Where is the Fibrous Pericardium located on the heart?
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the loose outter layer
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What is the function of the Fibrous Pericardium?
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protects the heart, anchors it to it's surrounding structures, and prevents the heart from over filling
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Where is the Serious Pericardium located?
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it is the inner membrane
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Name the divisions of the Serious Pericardium
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Parietal Layer and the Visceral Layer
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Parietal Layer
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lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium
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Visceral Layer
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the layer next to the heart itself
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Whats another name for the Visceral Layer
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Epicardium
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Pericardial Cavity
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the space between the parietal and viscearal layers
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What does the Pericardial Cavity contain?
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a film of serous fluid
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Serous Fluid
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lubricates layers of the heart
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Name the walls of the heart
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Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
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Epicardium
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the outtermost layer
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Myocardium
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middle layer composed mainly of cardiac muscle
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What is the Myocardium responsible for?
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contractions
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Endocardium
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inner layer that lines the cavities of the heart and blood vessels and covers the valves
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What type of cells are Endocardium composed of?
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squamous epithelium
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Name the chambers of the heart
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atria and ventricles
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What does the atria do?
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act as receiving chambers
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Auricles
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external flaps covering the atria
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Name the muscle lining the atria chambers
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pectinate muscle
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What do the ventricles act as?
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distribution chambers
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What does the left ventricle distribute?
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blood to the body
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What does the right ventricle distribute?
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blood to the near by lungs
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Which of the ventricles are bigger?
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left
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What is the muscle lining the ventricles called?
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trabeculae carnae
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What are the artias seperated by?
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interatrial septum
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What is the shallow bearing inbetween the artias?
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fossa ovalis
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What seperates the right and left ventricles?
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interventricular septum
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What do the valves of the heart prevent?
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backflow
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Name the valves of the heart
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Atrioventricular Valves and Semilunar Valves
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Name the parts of the Atrioventricular Valves
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Tricuspid, Bicuspid, Chordae Tendineae, Papillary Muscles
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Tricuspid
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seperates the right atria from the right ventricle
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Bicuspid
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seperates the left atria from the left ventricle
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What is another name for Bicuspid?
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Mitrial
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Chordae Tendineae
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prevents the Atrioventricular Valves from inverting
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Papillary Muscles
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anchor the chordae tendineae so that they are able to prevent inversion of the AV valves
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Name the types of Semilunar Valves
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Pulminary Semilunar and Aortic Semilunar
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Pulminary Semilunar
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separates the right ventricle from the pulminary trunk
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Aortic Semilunar
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valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta
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What do Semilunar Valves look like?
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make of three crescent shaped, pocket like cusps
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Name the characteristics of Cardiac Muscle
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involuntary, striated, shorty branched cells, one nuclei, intercalated discs with gap junctions and desosomes
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What allows cardiac muscle to contract as a unit?
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intercalated discs
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Functional Syncytium
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the heart beats as one coordinated unit
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Autorhythmic
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1% of cardiac cells can initiate their own depolarization
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Pulmonary Circulation
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refers to deoxygenated blood going through the right side of the heart towards the pulmonary trunk and lungs
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Systemic Circulation
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refers to the oxygenated blood going through the left side of the heart towards the aorta and to the body
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Name the deoxygenated blood flow through the Pulmonary Circulation
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Right Atrium, Tricuspid Valve, Right Ventricle, Pulminary Semilunar Valve, Pulminary Trunk, Lungs
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Where does the deoxygenated blood come from before flowing in the Pulminary Circulation?
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Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus
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After flowing through the Pulminary Circulation, how does the oxygenated blood get back to the heart?
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by the pulminary veins
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Name the route of Systemic Circulation
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Pulminary viens drain into the left atrium, Bicuspid valve, Left Ventricle, Aortic Semilunar Valve, Aorta, Body
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What is the largest Artery?
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Aorta
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Coronary Circulation
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the blood circulation that feeds the heart
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Name the arteries of the coronary circulation
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Left coronary artery and right coronary artery
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What is the Left coronary artery composed of?
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Anterior Interventricular Artery and Circumflex Artery
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What is the Right Coronary Artery composed of?
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Posterior Interventricular Artery
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Name the veins that drain into the heart
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Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus, Great Middle and small cardiac viens
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Superior Vena Cava
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drains deoxgenated blood from all tissues above the diaphragm to the right atrium
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Inferior Vena Cava
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drains deoxygenated blood fromm all tissues below the diaphragm to the right atrium
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Great Middle and Small Vena Cava Vien
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drains deoxygenated blood from the myocardium to the coronary sinus
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Coronary Circulation
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drains deoxygenated blood from the heart tissues to the right artium
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Where is the Great Cardiac Vien located?
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under the Anterior Interventricular Artery
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Where is the Small Cardiac Vien located?
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parallel to the marginal artery
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Where is the Middle Cardiac Vien located?
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parallel to the posterior Interventricular artery
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Name the parts of the Intrinsic Conduction System
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Sinoatrial Node, Atriobentricular Node, Bundle of His, Right and Left Bundle Branches, Purkinje fibers
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Sinoatrial (SA) Node
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"pacemaker"
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What does the SA do?
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it regulates the pace of the heart by generating impulses at a rate of sinus rhythm
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Sinus Rhythm
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75 times per sec
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Where is the SA located?
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in the right atrium
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Where is the Atrioventricular Node located?
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in the lower portion of the right atrium
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What does the AV do?
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recieves impulses from the SA node and relays them to the AV bundles
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whats another name for the AV bundles
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Bundle of His
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Where is the Bundle of His located?
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in the interatrial septum
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What does the Bundle of His do?
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transmits the impulse to the left and right bundle branches which extend throught the interventriular septum
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Where does the Right and Left Bundle course along?
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the interventricular septum toward the heart apex
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Where does the Purkinje fibers send their impulse to?
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from cell to cell causing depolarization
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What directly stimulates cardiac muscle cells of the ventricles?
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Purkinje fibers
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How long does it take for the impulse to travel from the SA to the depolarization area?
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.22 secs
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Name the parts of the extrinsic conduction system
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Sympathetic System and the Parasympathetic system
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What is the center of the Extrinsic conduction system?
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medulla Oblongata
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What happens to the sympathetic nervous system in the Extrinsic System?
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increases both the rate and force of heartbeat
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How does the Sympathetic Nervous System speed up the heart beat?
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by impulse traveling through the cardiac accelerator nerves
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What happens to the Parasympathetic Nervous System in the Extrinsic System?
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system slows the heart by impulse of the vagus nerve
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Electrocardiograph
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measures electrical impulses
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What are the types of deflection waves in the EKG?
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P Wave QRS Wave and the T Wave
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P Wave
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atrial depolarization results from impulses delivered by the SA node
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QRS Wave
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ventricular depolarization which precedes ventricular contraction.
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T Wave
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ventricular repolarization
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When does Atrial repolarization occur?
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during the QRS Wave
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Auscultate
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to listen
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What is the basic rhythm
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lub-dub pause lub-dub pause
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What does the first pause represent?
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the quiescent period
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What does the lub stand for?
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the AV valves closing
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What does the -dub stand for
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the semilunar valves closing
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Heart Murmurs
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abnormal sounds
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Name the parts of the cardiac cycle
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systole and diastole
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Systole
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the contraction phase
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Diastole
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the relaxation phase
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How long does the cardiac cycle last?
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.8 secs
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What is a normal heart rate?
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75 beats per min
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Name the sequence of the cardiac cycle
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Ventricular Filling, Ventricular Systole, Isovolumetric Relaxation
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Ventricular Filling
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has two parts of ventricular flowing and artial contration
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ventricular flowing
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blood flows through the atria and the AV valves open allowing blood into the ventricles
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atrial contraction
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The atrial then undergo systole and force the remainder of the blood into the ventricles
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What is the pressure like in Ventricular Filling?
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low and the heart is passive
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Name the parts of the Ventricular Systole
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isovolumetric contraction phase and ventricular ejection phase
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When are all valves shut during the Ventricular Systole?
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during the Isovolumetric Contraction Phase
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Ventricular Ejection Phase
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When the pressure in the chamber rises to levels higher than the pressure in the arteries, blood forces the semilunar valves open and blood flows into the arteries
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Isovolumetric Relaxation Period
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The ventricles relax and blood in the arteries begins to backflow toward the heart, closing the Semilunar valves. For a split second all valves are once again closed
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Quiescent Period
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Pressure within the chambers is now the same for a brief moment and the entire heart is relaxed
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Cardiac Output
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the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle each minute
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How is cardiac output calculated?
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the stroke volume times the Heart Rate
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Stroke volume
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the amount of blood pumped by a ventricle per beat
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Heart Rate
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the number of beats per min
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Name some factors influencing Stroke Volume
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Preload, Contractility, Afterload
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Preload
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how much blood enters a ventricle during diastole due to the amount of stretch
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Contractility
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how much contractile strength is achieved at a given muscle length
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What is increased contractility due to?
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a greater Ca2+ influx
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What is enhanced contractility a result of?
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in the ejection of more blood (greater SV)
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Afterload
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pressure needed before ventricle ejection occurs (force needed to overcome pressure on valves)
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Influencing factors of Heart Rate is..
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Autonomic System, Hormones, Age, Fitness, Gender, Temperature, Ion Concentrations, Blood Pressure
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Name the hormones the influence the heart
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epinephrine/norephrine, acetylcholine, thyroxine
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What are ion concentrations monitored by?
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chemoreceptors
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What is blood pressure monitored by?
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baroreceptors
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Name some heart murmur disorders
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stenosis, incometent valve, mitral valve prolapse
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Stenosis
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valve flaps become stiff and narrowed thereby restricting normal blood flow
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incompetant valve
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valves fail to close properly resulting in a backflow of blood
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Mitral Valve Prolapse
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affects up to 1% of the population; appears to be genetic; chordae tendineae are abnormal and/or the papillary muscle malfunction resulting in the flaps becoming inverted.
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What can attack the valve?
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Rheumatic Fever and Streptococcus
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Arrhythmias
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abnormal heart rhythms
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Tachycardia
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=more than 100 beats per minute
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2. Bradycardia
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=less than 60 beats per minute
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3. Fibrillation
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uncoordinated heartbeat or quivering
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4. Heart block
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blockage in the AV node
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5. Asystole
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no heart contraction
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6. Heart palpitation
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unusually strong, fast, or irregular heartbeat so that the person is aware of it
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Myocardial Infarction
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heart attack
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Infarction
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tissue death due to loss of blood supply
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Ischemia
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decreased blood flow due to hypoxia
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Angina pectoralis
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chest pain due to heart problem
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Pericarditis
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inflammation of the pericardium
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Endocarditis
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inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
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Cardiac tamponade
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accumulation of fluid within the pericardium preventing the heart from pumping
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Myocarditis
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inflammation of the heart muscle
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