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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the protein structure dependant on |
Dependant on order and number of amino acids, bonding present and shape of protein (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary)primary structure |
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Primary structure |
Sequence and number of amino acids |
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Secondary structure |
Shape that chain of Aa folds into: - Alpha-helix - beta pleated sheets Determined by hydrogen bonds between peptide bonds |
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Tertiary structure |
3D shape of proteins (globular / fibrous) Globular: compact Fibrous: long can be used to form fibres Shape determined by hydrogen, ionic and disulphide bonds |
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Quaternary structure |
2 or more polypeptide chains ⛓ are joined together (with addition of a non-protein prosthetic group |
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Enzymes |
Biological catalysts that speeds up the rate of a reaction (by lowering activation energy) without being used up |
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Lock and key structure |
Enzyme is the lock Substrate is the key Substrate bonds to the active site of the enzyme forming an enzyme substrate complex (enzymes have specific and complementary shape with substrate they bind to) |
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What is the induced fit model |
When enzyme-substrate complex is formed the tertiary structure of enzyme is altered so that the active site of enzyme fits around substrate (induced fit model) |
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Polymers of nucleotides |
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
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What do nucleotides consist of |
1) Pentose sugar (5) 2) nitrogen containing organic base 3) phosphate group |
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Double bonds |
Adenosine —> thymine / uracil |
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Triple bonds |
Guanine —> cytosine |
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What bonds do nucleotides join together by |
Phosphodiester (formed I condensation reactions) Phosphodiester bonds formed between phosphate groups and a carbon on Pentose sugar ofadjacent nucleotides |
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DNA 🧬 molecule |
- double helix - composed of two polynucleotide chains (anti parallel) - Joined by H+ between two strands Double and triple bonds between base pairs important as twists strands into double helix structure |
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RNA structure |
- single-stranded polynucleotide chain - does not have hydrogen bonding |
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Semi-conservative replication of DNA |
1) DNA helicase unzips DNA 2 strands break H-bonds separating two strands 2) DNA polymerase (6 bases) lines up new nucleotides along DNA 3) new nucleotides formed aligned by DNA polymerase 4) Ligase sticks it all together (2x DNA formed) |
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What are proteins made from |
Amino acids (monomers) Amino acids contain - NH2 group - carboxylate acid group - variable R group (carbon-containing chain) |
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What are amino acids joined by |
Peptide bonds (formed in condensation reactions) |
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Genetic code is non-overlapping what does this mean |
Each triplet is only read once and triplets don’t share any bases |
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Recessive |
Allele must be present twice in genotype to be expressed in phenotype |
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Dominant |
Allele Only needs to be present once in the genotype to be expressed in a phenotype |
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Co-dominance |
Alleles in the genotype both Contribute to phenotype |
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Homozygote |
Organism has two of the same alleles for a characteristic |
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Heterozygote |
Organism has two different alleles for a characteristic |
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Mono hybrid inheritance |
Inheritance of one gene at a time when two parents have offspring |
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What does degenerate genetic code mean |
More than one triplet codes for the same amino acid (reduces number of mutations) |
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What is transcription (definition) |
When DNA is copied into mRNA, which then leaves the nucleus and travels to a ribosome |
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What is translation (definition) |
RNA is read and translated into amino acids which are joined to make a polypeptide |
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Outline the process of transcription |
1) RNA polymerase attaches to DNA (signified by start codon) 2) breaks H+ bonds between comp base pairs (hold 2 strands together) 3) uncoils and separates two strands (exposed) 4) one of DNA strands used as template (antisense strand) makes mRNA 5) RNA poly lines up nucleotides (attach to template strand by comp base pairing Phosphodiester bonds) 6) forms 1 stranded molecule of mRNA 7) reaches stop codon mRNA detach from temp strand 8) moves out nucleus through pore, attaches to ribo (cytoplasm) |
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Outline the process of translation |
1) mRNA attaches to ribo 2) tRNA collects Aa from cyto carries to ribo 3) tRNA molecule attaches to mRNA (complementary base pairing) 4) Aa attached to tRNA molecules join by peptide bonds 5) tRNA molecules detach from Aa 6) process repeated forming polypeptide chain until stop codon reached on mRNA |
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Gene |
sequence of bases on a DNA molecule codes for sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain |
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Allele |
Variations of the same gene |
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Genotype |
Genetic constitution of an organism, the alleles they have |
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Phenotype |
Physical characteristics expressed by an organism due to its genotype |
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Antisense DNA strand |
Non-coding DNA strand of a gene (template for forming mRNA) |
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Conservative |
Two helix’: One helix made of all old One helix made of all new |
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Semi-conservative |
Two helix’s Both made of old and new |
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What is the difference between semi-conservative replication and transcription |
DNA Replication makes two new double strand DNA molecules from an original double strand DNA molecule (semi-conservative replication). Transcription makes a single strand of RNA off of the DNA double strand (uses one strand of the DNA as a template and makes a single strand of RNA). |