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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which of the following organs is not part of the alimentary canal? |
gallbladder |
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True or False: The peritoneal cavity is located between the visceral peritoneum and the mesentery. |
False |
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True or False: The longest segment of the small intestine is the duodenum. |
False |
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True or False: The stomach has three layers of smooth muscle that contract to churn food into chyme. |
True |
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True or False: The gallbladder produces and stores bile. |
False |
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True or False: The small intestine features three sets of progressively smaller folds that increase surface area for absorption. |
True |
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True or False: The liver consists of plates of hexagonal liver lobules. |
True |
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Fill in the blanks: The exocrine cells of the pancreas are called___ and secrete___. The endocrine cells of the pancreas are called ___ and secrete ___. |
acini cells ; digestive enzymes islets ; glucagons & insulin |
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Begin(s) carbohydrate digestion in the mouth |
Salivary amylase |
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Emulsifies/emulsify fats |
Bile salts |
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Clusters of bile salts and digested lipids |
Micelles |
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The structure(s) into which lipids are absorbed |
Lacteal |
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Digestive enzyme(s) associated with the enterocytes of the small intestine |
Brush border enzymes |
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Enzyme(s) that digest(s) lipids into free fatty acids and monoglycerides |
Pancreatic lipase |
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Required to activate pepsinogen |
Hydrochloric Acid |
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Protein-digesting enzyme(s) produced by the pancreas |
Trypsin |
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Protein-coated lipid droplets that are absorbed |
Chylomicrons |
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Protein-digesting enzyme(s) produced by the stomach |
Pepsin |
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Why is the digestion and absorption of lipids more complex than the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates and proteins? |
Lipids are NON -polar -Digestion involves:lingunal & pancreatic lipases that are POLAR= they only attack the surface -lipids are further broken down to micelles (when combined with bile salts) -chylomicrons (when micelles enter cytoplasm & are coated with proteins,phospholipids,fat soluble vitamins) |
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How does the absorption of lipids differ from the absorption of carbohydrates and proteins? |
chylomicrons are secreted into the interstitial fluid by intestinal cells BUT are too BIG to go into capallaries and must go into LACTEALS |
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Which of the following is not one of the urinary system’s functions? a. Regulating fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance b. Regulating blood cell formation c. Regulating production of insulin and glucagon d. Removing waste products from the blood |
Removing waste products from the blood |
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The blood flow through the kidney is special because a. its first capillary beds drain into arterioles. b. its second capillary beds drain into arterioles. c. it is supplied by three renal arteries. d. it contains no capillary beds. |
its first capillary beds drain into arterioles. |
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Number the following from the point the filtrate is first formed (with a number 1) to the point it drains into the renal pelvis (with a number 7). _____ Minor calyx _____ Proximal tubule _____ Collecting duct _____ Capsular space _____ Nephron loop _____ Papillary duct _____ Distal tubule |
1. Capsular space 2. Proximal tubule 3. Nephron loop 4. Distal tubule5. Collecting tubule 6. Papillary duct 7. Minor calyx |
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Fill in the blanks: At the junction between the ascending limb of the nephron loop and the distal tubule, we find a group of densely packed cells called the ___. These cells come into contact with a portion of the afferent arteriole that contains cells called the ____. Together, the two are called the _____. |
macula densa JG JG appartus |
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Urine drains from the kidneys via the a. urinary bladder b. urethra c. ureters d. papillary calyces |
ureters |
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Urine is expelled from the body by a process called a. micturition b. parturition c. defecation d. procrastination |
micturition |
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The urinary bladder and ureters are lined by a. simple squamous epithelium. b. transitional epithelium. c. pseudostratified columnar epithelium. d. stratified cuboidal epithelium. |
b. transitional epithelium |
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How can one easily discern the renal cortex from the renal medulla on a microscope slide? |
there are no glomerular cells in the medulla |
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What is filtrate, and how is it formed? |
similar composition to blood, formed by glomerular filtration and leaves blood and enters nephron |
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Fill in the blanks: The rate of filtrate formation is known as the ___ and averages about____. |
glomerular filtration rate 120 ml a min |
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What is the purpose of tubular reabsorption? a. To remove substances in the blood and place them into the filtrate b. To reclaim 99% of the water from the filtrate c. To reclaim electrolytes, glucose, and amino acids from the filtrate d. Both b and c are correct. e. Both a and b are correct. |
d. Both b and c are correct |
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How do tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ? |
R) reclaiming substances from filtrate S) removing substances and putting them into filtrate |
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Which of the following is not a component of the filtration membrane? a. glomerular endothelial cells b. podocytes c. smooth muscle d. basal lamina |
c. smooth muscle |
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How does the filtration membrane prevent certain substances from entering the filtrate? |
The membrane is formed of a single layer of cells, but these cells have tiny gaps in them that allow certain sized substances to pass through them. Things that are too big, like most proteins, and all cells, won't pass through. Things that are small, like water, molecules, and some drugs, will pass through. When your kidneys are damaged, they can swell, and this will widen the holes. This allows more things to pass through |
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Which of the following is true? a.The fluid and solutes in the filtrate have been removed from the blood and are located in the renal tubules. b. The filtration membrane allows blood cells and other large substances to pass but prevents small substances from moving through it. c. Tubular secretion involves the reclamation of substances in the filtrate and their return to the blood. d. Substances such as glucose, proteins, and erythrocytes are secreted into the filtrate. |
a. The fluid and solutes in the filtrate have been removed from the blood and are located in the renal tubules. |
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Urinalysis can tell you a.if there is an infection in the kidney or urinary tract b.if blood sugar is elevated. if a person is dehydrated c.if a person’s kidneys function normally d.All of the above. |
all of the above |
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Which of the following substances would you expect to find in normal urine? a. glucose b. proteins c. urea d. ketons e. nitrites |
a. glucose |
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Fill in the blanks: The nervous system works through secretion of ___, whereas the endocrine system works via secretion of _____. |
Neurotransmitters |
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Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? a. Produces antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin b. Stimulates production and release of hormones from the anterior pituitary c. Stimulates production and release of hormones from the posterior pituitary d. Inhibits the production and release of hormones from the anterior pituitary |
???? |
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Which of the following endocrine organs are part of the diencephalon? a. Hypothalamus b. Pineal gland c. Thymus d. Both a and b are correct. e. Both b and c are correct. |
d. a&b hypothalamus & pineal gland |
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Which of the following sets of hormones are antagonists? a. T3 and T4 b. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone c. Epinephrine and cortisol d. Growth hormone and thyroxine |
b. calcitonin & parathyroid hormone |
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melatonin secretes? |
Pineal gland |
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Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, and calcitonin secretes? |
thyroid gland |
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secretes insulin & glucogen |
pancreas |
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Secretes Thymosin and thymopoietin |
thymus |
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Secretes parathyroid hormones |
parathyroid glands |
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Secretes steroid hormones |
adrenal cortex |
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Secretes Thyroid-stimulating hormone, growth hormone |
anterior pituitary |
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Secretes Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
adrenal medulla |
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Which of the following is not true regarding endocrine organ histology? a. The thyroid gland consists of rings of simple cuboidal follicle cells surrounding colloid. b. The pancreas has an exocrine portion consisting of pancreatic islets and an endocrine portion consisting of acinar cells. c. The adrenal cortex has three zones of cells that secrete three different types of hormones. d. The adrenal medulla is modified nervous tissue of the sympathetic nervous system. |
b. The pancreas has an exocrine portion consisting of pancreatic islets and an endocrine portion consisting of acinar cells. |
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What is a negative feedback loop? Cite an example of a negative feedback loop in the endocrine system. |
-information about the hormone or the effects of that hormone is fed back to the gland that "gets it all going" -The pattern of ACTH and cortisol secretion is one example of negative feedback loop. |
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What is the stimulus hormone for glucagon |
low blood pressure |
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What is the stimulus hormone for Calcitonin? |
high blood calcium |
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What is the stimulus hormone for parathyroid hormone? |
low blood calcium |
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What is the stimulus hormone for Thyroxine and triiodothyronine (T4 and T3)? |
TSH |
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What is the stimulus hormone for Cortisol? |
ACTH |
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What is the stimulus hormone for Antidiuretic hormone? |
kidneys |
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List the target that effects Insulin? |
high blood pressure |
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List the target that effects Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): |
stress |
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List the target that effects Growth hormones? |
muscle, bone, almost all tissue |
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List the target that effects prolactin? |
pregnancy & nipple stimulation |
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List the target that effects oxytocin? |
uterus mammary glands |
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List the target that effects Thymosin? |
immune development |
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Which of the following statements about meiosis is false? a. Gametes proceed through two rounds of cell division. b. Crossover occurs during meiosis, which increases genetic diversity. c. The DNA replicates before both meiosis I and meiosis II. d. Meiosis is carried out only in the gonads to produce gametes. |
The DNA replicates before both meiosis I and meiosis II |
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Fill in the blanks: The daughter cells produced by mitosis are______ with_____ set(s) of chromosomes, whereas the gametes produced by meiosis are ____ with _____ set(s) of chromosomes. |
identical 2 different 4 |
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Number the following events of spermatogenesis in the proper order, with number 1 next to the first event and number 4 next to the final event. _____ Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to produce two secondary spermatocytes. _____ The two secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to produce four haploid spermatids. _____ Spermatogonia divide into more spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes. _____ Spermatogonia undergo repeated rounds of mitosis. |
1. Spermatogonia undergoes repeated rounds of mitosis. 2. Spermatogonia divide into more spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes 3. Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 1 to produced to secondary spermatocytes 4. The two secondary spermicides undergo meiosis to produce four haploid spermatid |
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Which of the following statements about spermatogenesis and oogenesis is false? a. Meiosis II does not complete in oogenesis unless fertilization takes place. b. Meiosis I begins during the fetal period but is arrested in oogenesis. c. Spermatogenesis begins at puberty and continues throughout the male’s lifetime, whereas the total number of oocytes a woman will produce is determined before birth. d. Spermatogenesis results in one spermatid and two polar bodies, whereas oogenesis results in four ova. |
Spermatogenesis results in one spermatid and two polar bodies, whereas oogenesis results in four ova. |
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Spermatids migrate to the __________ to mature. a. vas (ductus) deferens b. epididymis c. seminal vesicle d. prostate gland |
epididymis |
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