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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Objective
Identify the components and functions of the three major divisions of the brain. |
See study guide.
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Objective
Identify the functions of the cranial nerves |
See study guide.
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Objective
Identify the functions of the cerebrospinal fluid. |
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cushions the brain against mechanical shock when the head moves. It also provides buoyancy; just as a person weights less in water than on land, CSF helps support the weight of the brain. It also provides a reservoir of hormones and nutrition for the brain and spinal cord.
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hindbrain
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Posterior part of brain; consists of the medulla, pons, cerebellum
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brainstem
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Medulla, pons, midbrain, and central structures of the forebrain
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medulla
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Located above the spinal cord and regarded as an enlarged, elaborated
extension of the spinal cord; controls breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing |
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cranial nerves
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Nerves that control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and much of the parasympathetic output to the organs. Includes both sensory and motor components
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pons
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Structure that lies anterior and ventral to the medulla; contains nuclei for several cranial nerves
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reticular formation
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Area located within the medulla and pons; has descending and ascending portions; the descending portion controls the motor areas of the spinal cord, whereas the ascending portion sends output to much of the cerebral cortex, increasing arousal and attention
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raphe system
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Area found within the brainstem; sends axons to the forebrain, modifying the brain’s readiness to respond to stimuli
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cerebellum
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Large hindbrain structure essential for movement, balance, coordination, attention, and processing of sensory stimuli
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midbrain
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Structure that includes the tectum, tegmentum, superior and inferior colliculi
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tectum
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Roof of the midbrain; contains the superior and inferior colliculi
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superior colliculus
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Controls eye movements
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inferior colliculus
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Processes auditory information
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tegmentum
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Part of the midbrain; includes the nuclei for the 3rd and 4th cranial nerves, parts of the reticular formation, substantia nigra, extensions of pathways between the forebrain and spinal cord or hindbrain
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substantia nigra
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Part of the midbrain; gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathway that deteriorates in Parkinson’s disease
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forebrain
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Most anterior and most prominent part of the mammalian brain; consists of 2 cerebral hemispheres; each hemisphere receives sensory info mostly from the contralateral (opposite) side of the body; consists of the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and the basal ganglia
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limbic system
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Number of structures that form a border around the brainstem; contains the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex; these structures are important for motivations and emotions, such as eating, drinking, sexual activity, anxiety, and aggression
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thalamus
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Part of the forebrain (diencephalon); receives sensory information and sends to different portions of the cerebral cortex for processing
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hypothalamus
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Part of the forebrain (diencephalon); small area near the base of the brain ventral to the thalamus; contains a number of distinct nuclei; the hypothalamus conveys messages to the pituitary gland, altering its release of hormone; damage to any hypothalamic nuclei leads to abnormalities in motivated behaviors, such as feeding, drinking, temperature regulation, sexual behavior, fighting, and activity level
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pituitary gland
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An endocrine (hormone producing) gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus; in response to messages from the hypothalamus, the pituitary synthesizes and releases hormones into the bloodstream, which carries them to the organs
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basal ganglia
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Part of the forebrain (telencephalon); a group of subcortical structures lateral to the thalamus, which includes three major structures: the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus; the basal ganglia exchange information with different parts of the cerebral cortex; the connections are most abundant with the frontal areas of the cortex, which are responsible for planning sequences of behavior, memory and emotional expression
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nucleus basalis
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Structure that lies on the dorsal surface of the forebrain which receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetylcholine to areas of the cerebral cortex; it is a key part of the brain’s system for arousal, wakefulness, and attention
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hippocampus
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Large structure between the thalamus and cerebral cortex; critical for storing certain kinds of memory
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central canal
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A fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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ventricles
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Four fluid-filled cavities within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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cerebrospinal fluid
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Clear fluid similar to blood plasma found in the central canal and ventricles; CSF is formed by groups of cells known as the choroid plexus and It flows from the lateral ventricles→3rd ventricle→4th ventricle; CSF also flows into the central canal of the spinal cord, and through an opening into the narrow spaces between the brain and the meninges
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meninges
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Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord; CSF is reabsorbed through the subarachnoid space (space between meningial layers) into the blood vessels of the brain
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