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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ECF |
Extracellular fluid |
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What makes up extracellular fluid |
Intravascular fluid, interstitial fluid, and transcellular fluid |
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What is intravascular fluid? |
The liquid portion of blood, plasma |
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What is interstitial fluid? |
Fluid located between Cell and outside the blood vessels |
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What is transcellular fluid? |
Cerebrospinal, floral, peritoneal, and synovial fluids, secreted by epithelial cells |
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ICF |
Intracellular fluid |
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What is intracellular fluid? |
Fluid inside of the cells |
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pH |
7.35-7.45 |
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What does pH measure? |
PH measures the free hydrogen concentration, it is a measure of how acid or alkaline the blood is, small changes in pH mean large changes in hydrogen concentration |
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pH below 7.35 is called what? |
Acidic |
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pH above 7.45 is called what? |
Alkaline |
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PaCO2 |
35-45 mmHg |
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PaCO2 is what? |
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, they measure of how well the loan for is greetings co2 produced by the cells |
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Increased PaCO2 means what? |
CO2 accumulation in the blood, more carbonic acid, caused by hypoventilation |
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Decreased PaCO2 means what? |
Hyperventilation, excessive co2 excretion, less carbonic acid |
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HCO3 |
22-26 mEq/L |
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What is HCO3? |
Bicarbonate, concentration of the base, alkaline substances, a measure of how well the kidneys are excreating metabolic acids |
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What does increased HCO3 indicate? |
That the blood has too few metabolic acids |
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What does a decrease in HCO3 indicate? |
That the blood has too many metabolic acids |
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PAO2 |
80-100 mmHg |
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What is PaO2? |
Partial pressure of oxygen, a measure of how well gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs |
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SaO2 |
95-100% |
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What is SaO2? |
The percent of hemoglobin that is carrying as much oxygen as possible, oxygen saturation |
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SaO2 is influenced by what? |
pH, PaCO2, and body temperature; it drops rapidly when PaO2 falls below 60 |
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Cations are what? |
Positively charged ions, sodium, potassium calcium, and magnesium |
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What are anions? |
Negatively charged ions, chloride, and bicarbonate |
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What is osmolality? |
It measures the number of particles per kilogram of water |
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Hypotonic |
More dilute than blood, (cell swells) |
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Hypertonic |
More concentrated than blood, (cell shrinks) |
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What is active transport? |
The movement of electrolytes across cell membranes against the concentration gradient, it requires energy in the form of ATP, (ex. Sodium potassium pump), it allowed Cell to maintain high intracellular electrolyte concentrations |
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Extra cellular fluid has a higher concentration of what electrolytes? |
Na, Cl, HCO3 |
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Intracellular fluid has a higher concentration of what electrolytes? |
K, Mg, and PO4 |
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What is diffusion? |
The passive movement of electrolytes or other particles down the concentration gradient, it requires protein that serves as ion channels |
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What is osmosis? |
the process by which water moves through a membrane that separates fluids with different particle concentration |
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What is osmotic pressure? |
An inward pulling force caused by particles and the fluid, water moves into a compartment that has higher osmotic pressure |
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What does IV hypotonic solution do? |
Dilutes and interstitial fluid, water moves into cells till the two osmotic pressures are equal |
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What do IV hypertonic solutions do? |
Causes water to leave cells by osmosis to equalize osmolality between interstitial and intracellular compartments |
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Hydrostatic pressure |
the force of fluid pressing outward against a surface |
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What are colloids? |
Albumin & proteins in blood |
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What is colloid osmotic pressure? |
Inward pulling force caused by blood proteins that moves fluids from interstitial areas back to capillaries |
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What is oncotic pressure? |
Colloid osmotic pressure of the blood |
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How does fluid move into a capillary? |
At the venous end, removing waste products from cellular metabolism |
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What do lymph vessels do? |
remove any extra fluid and protein that have leaked into the interstitial fluid |
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What processes play a roll in fluid homeostasis? |
fluid intake and absorption, fluid distribution, and fluid output |
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Average fluid intake of adults: |
2300 mL per day |
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Who is at risk for dehydration? |
Infants, patience with neurological or psychological problems, and some older adults who are unable to communicate |
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Where is the thirst control mechanism located? |
Hypothalamus |
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How does fluid output normally occur? |
through the skin, long, GI tract, and kidneys |
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What are some examples of abnormal fluid output? |
vomiting, wound drainage, or hemorrhage |
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How much fluid moved into the GI tract daily then returns again to extra cellular fluid? |
3 to 6 L |
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What influences urine production? |
ADH, RAAS, and ANP |
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What is RAAS? |
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
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Where is ADH released? |
Posterior pituitary glad |
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What does ADH act on? |
Kidney collecting ducts |
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What does ADH ( antidiuretic horomone ) do? |
it causes renal cells to reabsorb water, taking the water from the renal tubular fluid and putting it back into the blood, this decreases urine volume |
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What factors increase ADH levels? |
severely decreased blood volume, dehydration, hemorrhage, pain, stressors, and some medications |
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What does RAAS do? |
regulate extra cellular fluid volume by influencing how much sodium and water are excited in urine, also contributes to regulation on BP |
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Kidneys release what enzyme? |
Renin |
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What does renin do? |
Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which another enzyme in the lung capillaries convert to angiotensin II |
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What does angiotensin II do? |
Stimulates aldosterone release from adrenal cortex, and causes vasoconstriction in some capillary beds |
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What does aldosterone do? |
it circulate to the kidneys where it causes re absorption of water and sodium, it also contribute to the electrolyte and acid base balance by increasing urinary excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions |
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What could cause RAAS action to occur? |
If hemorrhage or vomiting decreases the extra cellular fluid volume, blood flow decreases through the renal arteries, and more Renin is released, this increased RAAS activity causes more sodium and water retention helping to restore extra cellular volume |
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What causes ANP to be released? |
Cells in the atria of the heart when they are stretched |
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ANP opposes the effect of what? |
Aldosterone |
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What does ANP regulate? |
extra cellular volume by influencing how much sodium and water are excreted in urine |
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What is hypovolemia? |
Decreased vascular volume |
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Hypernatremia |
Hypertonic condition, high levels of Na+, greater than 145mEq/L, dehydration. |
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Hyponatremia |
Water excess, water intoxication; low levels of Na+, less than 135mEq/L |
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What theee processes are involed in electrolyte homeostasis? |
electrolyte intake and absorption, electrolyte distribution, and electrolyte output |
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Extracellular fluid volume deficit |
Body fluids have decreased volume, but not tonicity |
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ECV deficit causes: |
diarrhea, vomiting, over use of laxative, use of diuretics, adrenal insufficiency, hemorrhage, or burns |
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ECV deficit lab findings: |
BUN greater than 25mg/dL, increased hematocrit, urine spacific gravity greater than 1.030 |
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Hypovolemic shock is related to: |
ECV deficit (dehydration ) |
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ECV excess |
Increased fluid volume but normal tonicity |
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ECV excess causes: |
excessive intake of salty Foods and water, decreased renal output caused by elevated Aldosterone, chronic heart failure, decreased renal output from other causes like renal disease |
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Pulmonary edema can be related to: |
Excess ECV, edema |
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ECV excess lab findings: |
BUN less than 10mg/dL, decreased hematocrit |
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What important function involves K+? |
Maintain resting membrane potential of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle allowing for normal muscle function |
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What important function involves calcium? |
influences excitability of nerve and muscle cells, is necessary for muscle contractions |
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What important function involves magnesium? |
the function of neuro muscular junction and it is a co factor for numerous enzymes |
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What important function involves phosphate (PO4)? |
it is necessary for production of ATP, the energy source for cellular metabolism |
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Hypokalemia |
Abnormally low K concentration in the blood, 3.5-5.0 mEq/L |
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What does hypokalemia cause? |
muscle weakness, which becomes life-threatening if it includes respiratory muscles and potentially life-threatening cardiac dysthymias |
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Hyperkalemia |
abnormally high potassium ion concentration in the blood, greater than 5.0mEq/L |
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What is oliguria? |
decreased urine output |
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What can hyperkalemia cause? |
muscle weakness, potentially life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias, and cardiac arrest |
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Who is at risk for hypocalcemia? |
people who have acute pancreatitis frequently develop hypocalcemia because calcium binds too fat and in their feces and is excreted |
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When examining a patient with hypocalcemia you may find: |
Positive Chvostek's sign, positive Trousseau's sign, numbness and tingling of fingers and around the mouth, hyperactive reflexes, muscle twitching and cramping, seizurez, laryngospasm, and cardiac dysrhythmias |
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What symptoms might you find with hypermagnesemia? |
decrease rate and depth of respirations, cardiac dysrhythmias , cardiac arrest |