Yttrium

Although the amount of rare earths in the phone is very little, the demand for rare earths will continue to increase as the phones become more and more popular. Also phones do not have a very long life so as more are made, more rare earths will be used. As more rare earths are used it also brings up the question of how this is affects the environment and how new environmental regulations will affect the cost of these rare earth elements. Rare Earths Rare earth elements may be some of the least known elements, although they allow us to use some of our most important technology that we have become accustomed to in the past years. Rare earth elements are seventeen chemical elements that are the fifteen lanthanides as well as scandium and yttrium. Rare earth elements were discovered in 1787 by a Swedish Army Lieutenant named Carl Axel. They were first commercially produced in the 1880s when they were mined in Sweden and Norway. From 1940 to 1990 the United States produced and mined rare earths from Mountain Pass mine in California which was the largest resource of these elements in the country. The name rare earth elements can be misleading to individuals that do not know about rare earths because for the most part they are not that rare and are relatively abundant in the earth’s crust. For example rare earth elements “have an average abundance that is nearly 200 times greater the crustal abundance of gold” (Geology). China is the world most dominant producer of rare earth…

Tribological behavior of double-glow plasma Zirconium-Yttrium alloying on γ-TiAl Cong Huang, Pingze Zhang*, Dongbo Wei, Xiangfei Wei, Xiaohu Chen and Feng Ding (College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211100, China) * Corresponding author: pzzhang_nuaa@126.com Abstract: A Zr-Y alloyed layer was prepared onto the surface of γ-TiAl using double-glow plasma surface alloying technique (DG technique). The results showed that the Zr-Y…

The garnet ferrites have the general formula RFe5O12, where R is one of the rare earth metal ions (Y, Gd, Dy, Sm, Eu, Ho, Er, Tm, Tb and Lu). The first trail for synthesis of garnet Yttrium ferrite (Y3Fe5O12) was done by Bertaut and Forret in 1956 [39], this trial was followed by another one in 1957 when Geller and Gilleo prepared and investigated Gd3Fe5O12 [40]. The garnet ferrites have complex crystal structure with cubic shape. The cubic unit cell of garnet ferrites R3Fe5O12 contains 8…

Holmium is a brilliant dim metal found in the lanthanide section on the periodic table, which is for the most part appeared at the bottom of the periodic table. This element has 67 protons in its nucleus, which implies it is the 67th component on the periodic table. Holmium is pliable, which infers it can be bowed and folded. It is the foremost magnetic component of the periodic table. The name comes from the element lanthanum. The lanthanides are also known as rare earth elements. Although…

story by mentioning other elements that changed when expose to extreme temperatures, ending the chapter with a discussion on yttrium (Y) and neodymium (Nd). In the seventeenth chapter, starts with Donald Glaser, the drunk who was interested in bubbles. Surprisingly, Glaser won a Noble Prize at the age of Thirty-three after he switched his research from bubbles in beer to bubbles in liquid nitrogen (N2). Kean also mentions Ernest Rutherford, who was interested in radioactivity. Rutherford mimic…

Rare metals is the set 17 in the periodic table including Scandium( Sc) and Yttrium (Y). Scandium and Yttrium are included because they both have similar ore. China has the biggest mines for the Rare metals for Technology. Rare metals are important elements for the technology development of today. Rare metals can be found in cell phones, etc. The metal doesn’t get manufactured in a factory because the ore and other kinds of minerals are used to form the metal. When they have got the ore and…

hepatectomy is therapeutic. The hepatologist will examine the patient’s overall liver function, conduct tumor assessment, and analyze the liver anatomy. Resection is also a recommended therapy in patients with functioning liver; generally Child-Pugh class A without portal hypertension. For patients with unresectable disease, (such as those patients for whom the local therapy has failed, or who are not candidates for local therapy, or who have metastatic disease) liver transplantation is the…

combines with a proton resulting in a neutron and electron neutrino. Since a proton has become a neutron, a transmutation has occurred. Radioisotope therapy Radioisotopes that generate radiation enter the body and reach the target by binding to suitable biological compounds. Similar to a ‘piggy-back’, the radioactive material travels to the required organ via the bodies usual biological path for other common compounds. The radioisotopes are delivered through an intravenous [injection into…

noble gases. The reason these elements were not discovered was because back in Mendeleev’s time they only looked for elements with high reactivity. Since the noble gases are completely non-reactive, they were never discovered. The lanthanides and actinides are in block f. Together there are 6 blocks in the periodic table. These blocks are s, d, p, and f. In the s block are the 14 elements (Hydrogen, Lithium, Beryllium, Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium, Calcium, Rubidium, Strontium,…

the late 1800s, experimented with these new elements and made a new discovery. He was able to discover two new elements from the material Mosander called didymium. Praseodymium and Neodymium emerged from Mosander’s didymium. Auer chose these names based on influence from Mosander as Praseodymium, or “green twin” due to its green color, and Neodymium, or “new twin” due to its relative recency in order of discovery. Although having only crude equipment to work with in the late 1800s, Mosander and…