Spruce

where gum was produced out of bark tar, which was used for medical purposes like relieving toothaches or possibly just for pure enjoyment. The first substances used in gum by early peoples were mastic, frankincense, and chicle (cite.) Solid proof of the use of gum has been brought to light during excavations of Mayan cities. As the Mayans ' golden years drew to a close (around 800 A.D.,) gum chewing was no longer a widespread practice. The only people to chew gum were Native Indians, who chewed resin from the juice of spruce trees. When pilgrims arrived they followed the Indians and also chewed the resin. John B Curtis –a former sailor- took the juice from spruce trees and improved it, having the very first sale of gum known as “The State of Maine Pure Spruce Gum” in 1848. Spruce gum production began to diminish for many reasons including the introduction of the rotary printing press. Spruce resin was rare and expensive because the printing press used more spruce wood pulp. Curtis and his son were the first to find the next best thing – paraffin which is a white/colorless soft solid from crude petroleum. Paraffin gum was much easier to form. In the 1860s it was made from chicle, which was more expensive to produce. Chicle comes from a tropical evergreen tree (citation.) Modern day chewing gum –which wasn’t introduced until 1928- is made of butadiene, a synthetic rubber (history of.) Today’s gum contains larger amounts of latex, which began in the 1880s. Today the gum…

Maritimes red spruce, balsam fir, yellow birch. Boreal northern Canada white spruce, black spruce, balsam fir, jack pine, white birch, trembling aspen, tamarack, willow. Carolinian (Deciduous) southwestern Ontario beech, maple, black walnut, hickory, oak. Coast British Columbia western redcedar, western hemlock, Sitka spruce, Douglas-fir. Columbia British Columbia western redcedar, western hemlock, Douglas-fir. Great Lakes–St Lawrence central Canada red pine, eastern white pine, eastern…

Firstly, the submontane variant of CWHwh, CWHwh1, spans just under half of Haida Gwaii’s total land area making it the most dominant zonal ecosystem on the archipelago (Banner et al., 2014). Extending from sea level to approximately 350 m elevation, this zone is dominated by western hemlock, Sitka spruce, and western redcedar trees accompanied by red huckleberry and feather mosses (Grayston, 2016a). The dominant soils in this zonal ecosystem are Humo-Ferric and Ferro-Humic Podzols with a…

A study done in Laskeek Bay on East Limestone and Reef Island looked at the effect of Sitka-black tailed deer on the Sitka spruce tree. The study found that while the deer do like to browse the younger spruce seedlings, once the apex of the tree exceeds 1.2 m in height, the tree is able to escape the deer (Vila, Torre, Guibal & Martin, 2003a). However, in the presence of deer it takes 13 – 18 years for the young spruce to reach the necessary height, this is significantly longer than in areas…

Mistreatment of a “tree” Different cultures have different representations of things. The biggest thing that we see in the indigenous people called Haida living in the Northwest Pacific, is their love for nature and a single golden spruce. The single golden spruce doesn’t just represent nature it also represents a community, a culture, and even a civilization. The tree represents the greed shown by the community, cultures, and civilizations. Different groups throughout the novel show greed…

As many contemporary Aboriginal writers have shown the realm of Aboriginal heritage and culture is one of great depth. In beginning to understand and interpret experiences related to this context, the theme of loss of Aboriginal identity and self-discovery is evident. Joseph Boyden has a clear understanding of Frist Nation’s history with attending an Aboriginal Student Program. Boyden explores self-discovery which the protagonist represent in Through Black Spruce, which was named winter of the…

Through Black Spruce The book, Through Black Spruce, begins with Will explaining who he is and that he is a famous bush pilot from the town of Moosonee. In the second chapter, it explains he is telling the story of his past, meanwhile in the present he is in a coma. This book focuses on one major event that his niece Susan ran away and has disappeared with a Netmaker boy, Gus. While walking home from his friend Joe's house he is stopped by Marius Netmaker and two others. Marius and his friends…

The White Spruce, also known as the Picea alba, is a tree that is native to Michigan. In fact, this tree can be found on the Adrian College campus along with several other species of trees. The White Spruce is also one of eight different types of spruce trees found in North America. However, the White Spruce has multiple characteristics that make it unique, such as where it grows, its needles, and its pine cones. The White Spruce also has a different growing pattern than that of most trees.…

The title Through Black Spruce signifies the passageway between the two different environments of Moosonee and the outside world. Moosonee is a ‘pure’ place, compared to the outside world but is being tainted from the negative influences of the outside world. The characters of Marius and Danny primarily introduce these influences as they smuggle drugs through the black spruce into Moosonee and sell it to the youth. Gordon, a “city Indian” proves that the outside world is not completely corrupt…

Through Black Spruce illustrates how the social isolation of an individual can lead to that individual’s identity dramatically shifting. Social isolation refers to the state of lacking a solid community. Social isolation does not have to refer to physical detachment from society. A person can even feel isolated and lonely among a crowd if he feels as though he does not fit in with the people within that crowd. In Through Black Spruce, the character of Will illustrates the identity changes that…