Solar cell

The Children of Men by P.D. James is a dystopian novel that takes place in a world where humans are no longer able to conceive children. Since the year 1995 all humans have become infertile and although they are required to receive tests to figure out why this has occurred there is no official cause to the epidemic. The protagonist of the novel, Theodore “Theo” Faron, is an academic who specializes in History, and teaches at the undergraduate level and he used to work for the government. Since…

Gene crossover, the exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes, can be observed in many different instances with the help of model organisms. Many scientists observe gene crossover to better comprehend the heritability patterns of unrelated genes (Chen and Olive, 1965). In the case of this experiment, the use of Sodaria allowed students to observe the inheritance pattern of two different phenotypes when crossed in a a petri dish (Saleem, et al., 2001). Sordaria, a…

Yong, Ed. “Fish Watches Food. Scientists Watch Fish’s Thoughts”. National Geographic 31 January 2013, 1-2. In the article "Fish Watches Food. Scientists Watch Fish’s Thoughts”, by Ed Yong, Japanese scientists modified a larval zebrafish’s neurons to produce a bright green glow whenever they fire by injecting a jellyfish protein called GFP which gives a bright green glow when neurons pass signals to one another allowing the scientists to see its brain activity. Since larval zebrafishes’ bodies…

Nicholas Staropoli is the associate director of the Genetic Literacy Project. He has a Master of Arts in biology from DePaul University and has a Bachelors of Science degree in biomedical science from Marist College. The article, “With Global Gene Editing Slowing Down, What’s the Future of ‘Designer Babies?,’” states that not enough research has been done to safely edit the genes of human embryos. While scientists have an idea about which genes control certain traits such as body type, many…

minuscule proportions; predominantly when observing eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. A pathologist for example is a physician who examines cells and tissues to help other physicians make…

Achondroplasia Achondroplasia is a form of short-limbed dwarfism. GENE: The FGFR3 gene makes a protein called fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. The function of the protein from the gene is involved in transforming cartilage into bone. FGFR3 is the only gene known to be related with achondroplasia. There is also a receptor called tyrosine kinase. It negatively regulates the growth plate activity and stright bone growth. All people who have only a single copy of the normal FGFR3 gene and a…

repairing or directing chemical processes. Ribosomes could be found around the cell or next to the endoplasmic reticulum. Cytoplasm is made up of cytosol. In prokaryotes all the cell content is within the cytoplasm whereas with eukaryotes the nucleus is separate from the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is about 80% water and usually colorless (4). Eukaryotes only contains the following: Mitochondria are found in both plant and animals cells and are shaped like a rod. A mitochondrion contains outer and…

In rolling circle replication, a nicking protein called relaxase identifies a specific sequence on the DNA and makes a “nick” or cut at that location. The nick is created by the protein and allows the DNA to unwind and continue the process. Once the DNA opens forming an open complex from there a lagging strand will develop along the 3’ template strand due to the polarity and orientation of the strands. A leading strand will emerge and DNA polymerase enlists nucleotides to pair with the exposed…

suggests, Chloroplast organelles were also once f8-living bacteria ("Endosymbiosis and The Origin of Eukaryotes", 2016). Given that the first eukaryotic cell evolved monGan a billion years ago (Cooper, 2000) these organelles are now entirely reliant on their host cells. For instance, many integral proteins are delivered from the rest of the cell to the mitochondrion whilst the genes that code these…

The checkpoints in the cell cycle There are several checkpoints the eukaryote cell cycle that controls the cells from proceeding from one to the next phase of the cell cycle. The point where the cells start to enter the cell cycle is at the G1 checkpoint, which is also known as the restriction checkpoint. At this point, the Retinoblastoma interacts with the E2F, which is the transcription factor to make cyclin E causes the E2F to be inhibited upon interaction. Cells with damaged DNA get…