Signal

Around May 1970 intelligence analysts detected the presence of Prisoners of War (POW) at Son Tay. On November 20th 1970 Son Tay POW camp was raided. No POWs were found at Son Tay. In the span of seven months, intelligence failed to detect the transfer of Son Tay POW’s. The Son Tay raid is regarded as a tactical success, and has largely been analyzed from a tactical standpoint. Analysis of the intellectual failure is necessary. Even in the modern era POWs still exist and rescue attempts are still…

position of the inositol resulting in phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 triggers the activation of AKT/PKB signal pathway. AKT is a protooncogene protein that inhibits programmed cell death through binding of BAX preventing it from degrading the mitochondrial membrane that result in caspase-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, activation of AKT pathway signals Rheb that triggers mTOR activation translation factor S6K, which binds to the large ribosome subunit and promotes RNA…

I-Kappa-B-alpha which is often abbreviated IkBa is a protein whose role is to mask the nuclear localization signals to inhibit the NF-kB (nuclear factor kappa beta) proteins by keeping them in inactive states and isolating them in the cytoplasm, this inhibits the NF-kB transcription factors and blocks the NF-kB transcription factors from binding with DNA. NF-kB is a protein complex that is responsible for controlling cytokine production, transcription of DNA, cell survival, and plays a key role…

the body. Like many other pathways the cAMP intracellular pathway is responsible for a wide range of cross talks. cAMP receives its signal initially from the G-protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR). GPCR is heterotrimeric protein that has a 7-transmembrane protein. It contains a beta, gamma, and alpha subunit attached to the transmembrane protein. When an extracellular signal (hormonal, cytokine, etc.) is received, the beta and gamma subunit detach from the alpha subunit. The G-alpha subunit binds to…

The mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK, pathway is a chain of proteins in the cell that relays an extracellular signal from the Ras protein to the DNA in the nucleus of the cell. This pathway consists of multiple phosphorylations as MAPKKK phosphorylates and activates MAPKK which then phosphorylates and activates MAPK. At the end of this cascade, MAPK phosphorylates various effector proteins (Alberts, 557). This signaling pathway plays an important role in cells as it results in complex…

Clinical Question 2 – Genetics, Oncology Limit your answer to no more than 3 pages, not including references. I will only read your first 3 pages. A 54 yo woman is diagnosed with malignant melanoma on the posterior neck. The lesion has a horizontal spread of roughly 12 mm although borders are quite irregular. She undergoes surgical resection with wide, grossly clear margins. Pathology report suggests features consistent with an ulcerated lentigo maligna melanoma to a depth of 4 mm. • Describe…

far hill to the north. Almost immediately after, another far puff shoed; then two quick ones. Everybody stared at the puffs of smoke. More smoke signals puffed up. Slowly the puffs of smoke bleed off into the mile distance. Above the trees across the lake rose an answering smoke signal” ( 19-20). In our community today we don’t send several smoke signals across town to get a message or to send them a warning or something like that. Today we call, text, send letters, make a speech to send people…

These lipid rafts recruit fatty-acyl modified signaling proteins, increasing their effective concentration and affecting their function. Thus, such protein compartmentalization could be a universal mechanism for most adaptive cellular signal transduction (Simons k Toomre d 2000). In case of rhodopsin, visualization of this light receptor in the native ROS membranes by high resolution AFM indicated that it is not distributed evenly but rather localized into specific nanodomains, where…

then reassemble. This will cause the cycle to end as the G-Protein is now again in its inactive heterotrimeric, GDP bound state. Once the G-Protein has left the receptor, the receptor can then go onto activate other nearby G-Proteins. This leads to signal amplification as the receptor, when bound to an agonist, can activate multiple…

Calcium is the richest mineral in our body holding many functions during the human development. Ca2+ controls many cellular processes such as: metabolism, gene transcription, fertilisation, proliferation, hypertrophy, secretion, exocytosis, cardiac ventricular mechanisms, neuronal dopaminergic pacemaker mechanisms, contraction, coordination and thinking, (Rubin, 2016). These processes can occur anywhere between a few microseconds to hours to complete. The basal Ca2+ concentration of…