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Determinsitic, P, NP, NPC Reductions, Reducibility, Reductions, certificate, complexity I. INTRODUCTION What is P vs NP? Why it is important to know what problems are in P and what problems are in NP? Some problems like Addition, Subtraction, sorting and algorithms such as Dijkstra’s are all belong to the category of P. The problems that are solved in polynomial time. But there are problems…

Data, information, knowledge and wisdom are referred to as the DIKW hierarchy model cited in Figure 1. This visual metaphor illustrates large amounts of data at the bottom of the pyramid which are reduced to smaller amounts of information consequently creating more condensed knowledge and even smaller wisdom. For Ackoff (1989) data is a symbol and does not have meaning on its own. Information emerges from data that has been processed and hence data has now been given meaning. Knowledge is built…

our daily lives, from our phones to our gaming systems to even our watches. Where ever you go there is a computer, even in traffic lights. But makes computers so special in our lives, well they help us communicate with people, they help us solve algorithms, they help us make money, they are used in education and many more interesting things. Without computers in the world, most of the things happening everyday would stop. Most people know what computers are and how they work, but there is a…

One thing that mathematics and movies have in common is that they are incredibly interesting. However, when you put two great things together, there are potential discrepancies that make the experience a little disappointing if you look deeper into it. There have been some brilliant films about famous mathematicians who have changed the way we look at mathematics for the better. Unfortunately, movies, in general, tend to have a reputation for moving things around and fixing the information so…

instruction unlike its predecessors, solving the problem of inputting the program every time before using it. Z3 could also convert decimals to binaries and back again. It was later on proven to be Turing complete, which means that given the; appropriate algorithms, necessary time and memory, it could solve the same problems that the Turing machine could. It was also the first digital computer since it predates the ABC by one year (O 'Regan). Z3 was very similar to the modern day computers that…

machine languages. And therefore, when I had the chance to select my major before the university, I chose Computer Science without any doubt or hesitation. During my undergraduate study at Iowa University, what I learn most are basic languages and algorithms, but some of the advanced courses and self-learning make me feel that computer science demonstrate the essence of natural science - evolution. For example, the development of website from static to dynamic, the progress of the sense…

International Olympiad of Informatics to represent India, there was no doubt that I wanted to build things faster and more efficient than before. However, until then I did not know the booming field called machine learning. I always tried to make algorithms to predict something based on heuristic decisions or even just hardcoded bunch of decisions. It was only in UCSD when I took my first Machine learning course, I realized the true potential of Machines and Data and the sweet bond between…

as follows. First, M isolated modules, each with the WS structure, are constructed, In order to generate such networks, we used the random rewiring algorithm proposed by Watts–Strogatz[5], Considering a ring graph with n nodes each connected to its m-nearest neighbours by undirected links. The total number of the links are Q=2mn. The rewiring algorithm includes Q steps, and at each step i, link i are chosen and rewired to a node randomly chosen over the graph with the intra-modular rewiring…

known as the first computer programmer. Ada worked with Charles Babbage on his Analytical Engine, a proposed mechanical, general-purpose computer and the beginnings of computer programming. Her notes included the first of what is now known as an algorithm. She is the only legitimate child of the Romantic poet, Lord Byron. ==Young Life and Education== Ada Lovelace was born Augusta Ada Byron King on December 10, 1815, the only legitimate child produced by the famous poet George Lord Byron and…

I was contacted by my old coding teacher and received the opportunity to assist her in leading this year’s coding program. Although I knew I wasn't the best at coding, I saw this offer as a chance for me to learn more about it while sharing the little that I knew with others. During last year's program I got the opportunity to create my own games/programs/apps, and I learned more about JavaScript and its role in businesses. With this information I realized that knowing at least basic code is…