RNA world hypothesis

4+11+3.1) = 51.4 kb. c) The sum of the exons (all in kilobases) (1.2+0.7+0.4+3.1) = 5.4 kb. d) RNA Protein Truncation mutation in exon 2 Same length, same amount of RNA produced. Shorter in length (due to earlier stop codon), same amount of protein produced, usually changes the protein to non-functional, though not always. 3bp in frame deletion in exon 1 Shorter in length by 3pb, same amount of RNA produced. Shorter in length, same amount of protein produced, usually causes the protein to…

DNA makes proteins. DNA is stored in the nucleus and contains phosphates (a phosphate includes nitrogen bases). DNA is made up of these phosphates, but, in making polypeptides, or a protein, the nitrogen bases are the most important in his process. To make a polypeptide, the helicase unzips the double helix figure, making two rows, or strands, which are one side of all of the nitrogen bases. Floating nitrogen bases string the opposite of these sides, to make an original copy, but leave, ending…

Transfer RNA Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a crucial component in Protein Synthesis. It serves as an adaptor molecule between the codon, the three nucleic acids and the amino acid after which a specific protein will be synthesized. It is the intermediate in Protein Synthesis which interprets the genetic code. Without tRNA, translation in prokaryotes or eukaryotes could not take place. Common Features of tRNA Molecule Each amino acid has at least one tRNA molecule. Therefore, these tRNA molecules have…

member of Fe(II)- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent AlkB dioxygenase family and was originally recognized as an enzyme involved in the excision of N1- or N3-modified purine or primidine in both DNA and RNA substrates. Jia et al. for the first time demonstrated that human FTO could also demethylate m6A on nuclear RNAs in vitro, and increase and decrease in m6A was manifested in FTO-depleted and overexpressed-HeLa cell, respectively. FTO function has shown to link to the regulation of body fat…

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase proved elusive until 1960, when it was independently identified in bacteria by Hurwitz and Stevens and in plants by the Bonner group” (p. 8325). There were also many experiments after these in which the scientists focused mostly on the mechanisms of the RNA polymerization (Kireeva, 2013). Kireeva also stated in her article that a group called the Chamberlin group focused on the pauses by E. coli RNA polymerase the group also focused on the…

messenger rna the structure of messenger rna : Messenger RNA functions as the template for protein synthesis it carries genetic information from DNA to a ribosome and helps to assemble amino acids in their correct order. Each amino acid in a protein is specified by a set of three nucleotides in the mRNA, called a codon. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNAs contain three primaryregions .The 5 untranslated region is a sequence of nucleotides that is at the 5 end of the mRNA and does not code for…

D1 The DNA is contained in the nucleus. The Genes that are needed in the production of antibody are contained in the DNA. The production of antibody begins with the genes of the antibody being transcribed into mRNA this leaves the nucleus by joining on to the ribosome. Lots of cells secrete proteins into their surrounding extracellular fluid. Some cells like hormones and neurotransmitters secrete regulatory molecules. Whereas others release digestive enzymes, antibodies, or mucus. Fibroblasts…

itself is called transcription. The copy of the DNA is called mRNA and that is the messenger type of RNA. The DNA makes a copy of itself called mRNA, then gets out of the nucleus and leaves to attach itself onto a ribosome. The process of the mRNA attaching itself to the ribosome is called translation. The ribosome acts as a "Zipper" to attach the mRNA and the tRNA together. The tRNA is a transfer RNA that attaches to the mRNA to place amino acids in a specific order. The…

(DIG) labeled single strand cRNA probes. The DIG-labeled cRNA probes were transcribed in vitro from cDNAs of rat GR (~0.4 kb) and rat SERT (~0.7 kb) in pGEM-3Zf vectors with T7 RNA polymerase and DIG RNA labeling mix (Roche, Branford, CT, USA). The amount of the transcript was estimated by comparison to DIG-labeled control RNA (Roche, Branford, CT, USA) in Dot-blot assays on nylon membranes (Roche, Branford, CT, USA). The ISH protocol is similar to the one from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory with…

central dogma, first devised by Francis Crick, is a classical backbone of living cells to essentially perform the processes from cell division to death through the DNA, RNA, and protein information ways. More specifically, the central dogma defines the transfer of sequence information during DNA replication, transcription into RNA, and translation into amino-acid chains forming proteins. It also states that information cannot flow from protein to protein or nucleic acid. In addition, Hirao &…