Pope Clement VII

The papal bull ‘Unam Sanctum’ by Pope Boniface VII in 1302 was an attempt by the pope to assert papal authority in a time of conflict with the power of King Phillip “the fair” of France. The separation of church and kings had never been completely separate but this conflict brought the issue to the fore. Boniface was attempting to hold on to papal authority in a time when ‘temporal’ or Kingly power was rising and steadily overlapping with the generally accepted spiritual sphere of authority. He…

The Protestant Reformation The origin of religion can be traced back to the Ancient Near East. Religion itself is divided in three basic characteristics -monotheism, pantheism and polytheism. Thanks to these characteristics, many religions and different denominations appeared (“Origin of Religion”). Since around 330 C.E. monotheism was established as the dominant between them. The emergence of Catholicism and its monotheistic belief was supported by the Roman emperor Constantine I (Hunt…

This event was called the Investiture Controversy, and is considered the most prolific conflict between political, and religious authorities in medieval Europe. Pope Gregory even goes far enough to excommunicate Henry IV, and strip him of all titles. “On the strength of this belief therefore, for the honour and security of thy church, in the name of Almighty God, Father, Son and Holy Ghost, I withdraw, through…

buy their deceased loved ones way out too. The treasury of merit was a general account that housed the good works of Jesus and other higher beings. These good works could be shifted around to help people’s souls into heaven if they donated money; the Pope had control over this. With the money collected from selling indulgences, the new St. Peter’s Basilica was built. Despite the several negatives of the church having immense wealth, it did use it positively by giving large sums to…

Western Schism was a divide in the Catholic Church from the years 1378 to 1417. This divided caused three people to be the Pope at the same time in 1409. Not to be confused with the Great Schism in 1054 which created the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. This division created tension in Europe as different countries supported different Popes. The divide happened because Pope Clement V moved to Avignon, a town in East France, in the early 1300s. Allowing the French king more control over…

Both historians and Catholics believe that Pope Innocent III and Pope Gregory VII as some of the greatest figures in history because they thought of everything in religious terms. More importantly, using their powers, they were able to achieve their goals of saving the welfare of the Church and Christian civilization. The Middle Ages was known as a period of European history, from the 5th to the 15th century, that followed the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and preceded the Early Modern…

In life, special circumstances let you see the truth. It eradicates obstacles and strengthens desires for comfort. It allows you to forgive unforgivable actions done towards you. Circumstances such as a feud or hate could cause many options for the person to decide his or her destiny but the one that can be humble and wise is the one that gets the better end of the stick. The Little Mermaid was revised to capture the minds of young children and show them that different circumstances are terrible…

Beyoncé’s performance at the Grammy’s is a talked about performance that contain many influences from art. A one that initially standout after researching the influence and then re-watching the performance is the heavy influence from the love goddess Oshun. Oshun is associated with sweetness, kindness, generosity, and bountiful love. The MTV article written by Liz Raiss asked art historians, what they taught about Beyoncé’s usage of the reference to art history. The art historian named Cheryl…

There were several significant political and social consequences of the Protestant Reformation during the sixteenth century. The Reformation brought about a change in the way women were viewed and led to support for their lives through Protestant reforms and education. The Protestant Reformation additionally provided the opportunity for princes and monarchs to acquire increased political power through King Henry VIII’s break from the Catholic Church or the Holy Roman Empire prince’s converting…

In an effort to describe the modernist painting, Clement Greenberg in his publication The Collected Essays and Criticism, makes simplified and exaggerated claims. Despite his best efforts, most of his assertions are shrouded in oversight and lack the necessary premises to be adjudged as an entirely objective and salient. His comments on modern art’s effects on human senses and relations with space, are one of said claims. He states: “The Old Masters created an illusion of space in depth that…